252 research outputs found
Scaling state of dry two-dimensional froths: universal angle deviations and structure
We characterize the late-time scaling state of dry, coarsening,
two-dimensional froths using a detailed, force-based vertex model. We find that
the slow evolution of bubbles leads to systematic deviations from 120degree
angles at three-fold vertices in the froth, with an amplitude proportional to
the vertex speed, v ~ sqrt(t), but with a side-number dependence that is
independent of time. We also find that a significant number of T1
side-switching processes occur for macroscopic bubbles in the scaling state,
though most bubble annihilations involve four-sided bubbles at microscopic
scales.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figure
Von-Neumann's and related scaling laws in Rock-Paper-Scissors type models
We introduce a family of Rock-Paper-Scissors type models with symmetry
( is the number of species) and we show that it has a very rich structure
with many completely different phases. We study realizations which lead to the
formation of domains, where individuals of one or more species coexist,
separated by interfaces whose (average) dynamics is curvature driven. This type
of behavior, which might be relevant for the development of biological
complexity, leads to an interface network evolution and pattern formation
similar to the ones of several other nonlinear systems in condensed matter and
cosmology.Comment: 5 pages, 6 figures, published versio
Arresting bubble coarsening: A two-bubble experiment to investigate grain growth in presence of surface elasticity
Many two-phase materials suffer from grain-growth due to the energy cost
which is associated with the interface that separates both phases. While our
understanding of the driving forces and the dynamics of grain growth in
different materials is well advanced by now, current research efforts address
the question of how this process may be slowed down, or, ideally, arrested. We
use a model system of two bubbles to explore how the presence of a finite
surface elasticity may interfere with the coarsening process and the final
grain size distribution. Combining experiments and modelling in the analysis of
the evolution of two bubbles, we show that clear relationships can be predicted
between the surface tension, the surface elasticity and the initial/final size
ratio of the bubbles. We rationalise these relationships by the introduction of
a modified Gibbs criterion. Besides their general interest, the present results
have direct implications for our understanding of foam stability
Glassy behaviour in a simple topological model
In this article we study a simple, purely topological, cellular model which
is allowed to evolve through a Glauber-Kawasaki process. We find a
non-thermodynamic transition to a glassy phase in which the energy (defined as
the square of the local cell topological charge) fails to reach the equilibrium
value below a characteristic temperature which is dependent on the cooling
rate. We investigate a correlation function which exhibits aging behaviour, and
follows a master curve in the stationary regime when time is rescaled by a
factor of the relaxation time t_r. This master curve can be fitted by a von
Schweidler law in the late beta-relaxation regime. The relaxation times can be
well-fitted at all temperatures by an offset Arrhenius law. A power law can be
fitted to an intermediate temperature regime; the exponent of the power law and
the von Schweidler law roughly agree with the relationship predicted by
Mode-coupling Theory. By defining a suitable response function, we find that
the fluctuation-dissipation ratio is held until sometime later than the
appearance of the plateaux; non-monotonicity of the response is observed after
this ratio is broken, a feature which has been observed in other models with
dynamics involving activated processes.Comment: 11 pages LaTeX; minor textual corrcetions, minor corrections to figs
4 & 7
Diffusive transport of light in three-dimensional disordered Voronoi structures
The origin of diffusive transport of light in dry foams is still under
debate. In this paper, we consider the random walks of photons as they are
reflected or transmitted by liquid films according to the rules of ray optics.
The foams are approximately modeled by three-dimensional Voronoi tessellations
with varying degree of disorder. We study two cases: a constant intensity
reflectance and the reflectance of thin films. Especially in the second case,
we find that in the experimentally important regime for the film thicknesses,
the transport-mean-free path does not significantly depend on the topological
and geometrical disorder of the Voronoi foams including the periodic Kelvin
foam. This may indicate that the detailed structure of foams is not crucial for
understanding the diffusive transport of light. Furthermore, our theoretical
values for transport-mean-free path fall in the same range as the experimental
values observed in dry foams. One can therefore argue that liquid films
contribute substantially to the diffusive transport of light in {dry} foams.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figure
From one cell to the whole froth: a dynamical map
We investigate two and three-dimensional shell-structured-inflatable froths,
which can be constructed by a recursion procedure adding successive layers of
cells around a germ cell. We prove that any froth can be reduced into a system
of concentric shells. There is only a restricted set of local configurations
for which the recursive inflation transformation is not applicable. These
configurations are inclusions between successive layers and can be treated as
vertices and edges decorations of a shell-structure-inflatable skeleton. The
recursion procedure is described by a logistic map, which provides a natural
classification into Euclidean, hyperbolic and elliptic froths. Froths tiling
manifolds with different curvature can be classified simply by distinguishing
between those with a bounded or unbounded number of elements per shell, without
any a-priori knowledge on their curvature. A new result, associated with
maximal orientational entropy, is obtained on topological properties of natural
cellular systems. The topological characteristics of all experimentally known
tetrahedrally close-packed structures are retrieved.Comment: 20 Pages Tex, 11 Postscript figures, 1 Postscript tabl
Cluster Persistence: a Discriminating Probe of Soap Froth Dynamics
The persistent decay of bubble clusters in coarsening two-dimensional soap
froths is measured experimentally as a function of cluster volume fraction.
Dramatically stronger decay is observed in comparison to soap froth models and
to measurements and calculations of persistence in other systems. The fraction
of individual bubbles that contain any persistent area also decays, implying
significant bubble motion and suggesting that T1 processes play an important
role in froth persistence.Comment: 5 pages, revtex, 4 eps figures. To appear in Europhys. Let
Glass transition in self organizing cellular patterns
We have considered the dynamical evolution of cellular patterns controlled by
a stochastic Glauber process determined by the deviations of local cell
topology from that of a crystalline structure. Above a critical temperature
evolution is towards a common equilibrium state from any initial configuration,
but beneath this temperature there is a dynamical phase transition, with a
start from a quasi-random state leading to non-equilibrium glassy freezing
whereas an ordered start rests almost unchanged. A temporal persistence
function decays exponentially in the high temperature equilibrating state but
has a characteristic slow non-equilibrium aging-like behaviour in the low
temperature glassy phase.Comment: Added references, text minor change
Bubble kinematics in a sheared foam
We characterize the kinematics of bubbles in a sheared two-dimensional foam
using statistical measures. We consider the distributions of both bubble
velocities and displacements. The results are discussed in the context of the
expected behavior for a thermal system and simulations of the bubble model.
There is general agreement between the experiments and the simulation, but
notable differences in the velocity distributions point to interesting elements
of the sheared foam not captured by prevalent models
Structure of Optimal Transport Networks Subject to a Global Constraint
The structure of pipe networks minimizing the total energy dissipation rate
is studied analytically. Among all the possible pipe networks that can be built
with a given total pipe volume (or pipe lateral surface area), the network
which minimizes the dissipation rate is shown to be loopless. Furthermore, such
an optimal network is shown to contain at most N-2 nodes in addition to the N
sources plus sinks that it connects. These results are valid whether the
possible locations for the additional nodes are chosen freely or from a set of
nodes (such as points of a grid). Applications of these results to various
physical situations and to the efficient computation of optimal pipe networks
are also discussed
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