ENERGY SAVING AND ENVIRONMENTAL COMPATIBILITY IN ROAD LIGHTING

This research was carried out with the cooperation and the financial support of ENEA, the Italian Agency for Energy of the Ministry for the Economic Development. The paper analyses the conditions for assuring the compatibility of external lighting with the environment and particularly with consumption of energy on one side and the interference with astronomical observations on the other. The effects of different types of luminaires are described relative to the road illuminated according to illuminance and luminance criteria. The paper demonstrates that illuminated towns seen from far distances, i.e. the main source of disturbance for astronomic observations, behave like single diffusing sources, since the luminaires are hidden in urban "cavities" bordered by buildings. A model is presented for the analysis of territory around a site, aimed at identifying the possibilities to improve the environmental compatibility of outdoor lighting installations and the possibility of local modification to improve the situation

The factors affecting visual discomfort of dental hygienist

partially_open4noThe objectives of the paper were to analyze the visual behavior and visual discomfort parameters of dental practitioner at work, introducing the “lighting quality” approach in professional lighting using a suitable measurement methodology able to evaluate all relevant photometric and spectral parameters, not only the standard expected, and also the luminance map of the visual field. Spectral investigations are necessary to evaluate the damage potential of the lighting radiation while the luminance map allows the evaluation of sources of visual discomfort and disability. The “quality of lighting” is a new concept not yet considered in professional lighting but already recognized in road lighting standards. The paper provides also suggestions for new measurement methodology and lighting fixture design are provided and, for dental practitioners, recommendations about position and eye protection system to wear to improve visual comfort and minimize MSD, due to misplaced working position to avoid glareembargoed_20200201Iacomussi, P.; Carcieri, P.; Rossi, G.; Migliario, M.Iacomussi, Paola; Carcieri, P.; Rossi, Giuseppe; Migliario, M

Review of road surface photometry methods and devices – Proposal for new measurement geometries

Specifications concerning road lighting and photometry of road surfaces were established more than 50 years ago. Road lighting design and road marking visibility were developed for vehicle driving. The observation distance defined by standards corresponds to interurban applications; however, within Europe these areas do not tend to be lit. The objective of the SURFACE project is to propose new geometries for the photometric characterisation of pavements, both adapted to different urban travel modes and new lighting technologies. This article reviews the available guidelines, standards, measuring devices and literature regarding geometries and road lighting applications, and presents the project SURFACE analysis and proposal. The SURFACE consortium recommends adding several new angles for different driving conditions and road users; 2.29 degrees for urban environments and consistency with road marking standard, and 1 degrees for extra-urban environment and consistency with previous geometries. A 5 degrees angle, corresponding to 17-m viewing distance, could be an interesting compromise, suitable for urban driving at low speed, cycling and for scooters. The angles of 10 degrees and 20 degrees are under consideration for describing the boundary between diffuse and specular behaviour