The universe formation by a space reduction cascade with random initial parameters

In this paper we discuss the creation of our universe using the idea of extra dimensions. The initial, multidimensional Lagrangian contains only metric tensor. We have found many sets of the numerical values of the Lagrangian parameters corresponding to the observed low-energy physics of our universe. Different initial parameters can lead to the same values of fundamental constants by the appropriate choice of a dimensional reduction cascade. This result diminishes the significance of the search for the 'unique' initial Lagrangian. We also have obtained a large number of low-energy vacua, which is known as a 'landscape' in the string theory.Comment: 17 pages, 1 figur

Large sub-clonal variation in <i>Phytophthora infestans</i> from recent severe late blight epidemics in India

Abstract The population structure of the Phytophthora infestans populations that caused the recent 2013–14 late blight epidemic in eastern India (EI) and northeastern India (NEI) was examined. The data provide new baseline information for populations of P. infestans in India. A migrant European 13_A2 genotype was responsible for the 2013–14 epidemic, replacing the existing populations. Mutations have generated substantial sub-clonal variation with 24 multi-locus genotypes (MLGs) found, of which 19 were unique variants not yet reported elsewhere globally. Samples from West Bengal were the most diverse and grouped alongside MLGs found in Europe, the UK and from neighbouring Bangladesh but were not linked directly to most samples from south India. The pathogen population was broadly more aggressive on potato than on tomato and resistant to the fungicide metalaxyl. Pathogen population diversity was higher in regions around the international borders with Bangladesh and Nepal. Overall, the multiple shared MLGs suggested genetic contributions from UK and Europe in addition to a sub-structure based on the geographical location within India. Our data indicate the need for improved phytosanitary procedures and continuous surveillance to prevent the further introduction of aggressive lineages of P. infestans into the country

Preparation, Extraction, and Processing of Water-Retted Cannabis Sativa L. Fibers

Cellulose fibers come from fast-growing renewable crops which characteristically are sustainable making them a desirable option for textile structures. Commercial medical Cannabis cultivation is a fast-growing market. Marijuana stems, which are often discarded or burnt, due to the absence of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) provide an opportunity for the manufacturing of fibers. In this manuscript, the physical, chemical, morphological, and mechanical properties of Cannabis sativa L. stems, coming from medicinal marijuana grown crops, were analyzed to assess their viability for textile use. The content of hemicellulose, pectin, lignin, and cellulose in the fibers was assessed, and we found that the mechanical properties of these fibers are comparable to those of similar natural fibers such as coconut, hemp, sisal, and jute. The FTIR spectra showed all characteristic peaks present in most cellulosic substrates. We demonstrated that cellulosic fibers can be obtained via water-retting of marijuana plants hence opening an avenue for the utilization of agricultural waste in a myriad of potential applications such as water filtration, packaging, and rheological modifiers.Abbreviation: Terms: THC (tetrahydrocannabinol); CBD (cannabidiol); PVC (polyvinyl chlorides); SEM (scanning electron microscopy); FTIR (Fourier transform infrared)