443 research outputs found
Measuring nonlinear stresses generated by defects in 3D colloidal crystals
The mechanical, structural and functional properties of crystals are
determined by their defects and the distribution of stresses surrounding these
defects has broad implications for the understanding of transport phenomena.
When the defect density rises to levels routinely found in real-world
materials, transport is governed by local stresses that are predominantly
nonlinear. Such stress fields however, cannot be measured using conventional
bulk and local measurement techniques. Here, we report direct and spatially
resolved experimental measurements of the nonlinear stresses surrounding
colloidal crystalline defect cores, and show that the stresses at vacancy cores
generate attractive interactions between them. We also directly visualize the
softening of crystalline regions surrounding dislocation cores, and find that
stress fluctuations in quiescent polycrystals are uniformly distributed rather
than localized at grain boundaries, as is the case in strained atomic
polycrystals. Nonlinear stress measurements have important implications for
strain hardening, yield, and fatigue.Comment: in Nature Materials (2016
Collision rate constants for polarizable ions
AbstractLangevin described a model for the interaction between an ion and a neutral nearly a century ago and since then, many modifications have been introduced to adjust for specific circumstances. This work discusses the induced dipole–induced dipole interaction between an ion and a neutral without a permanent dipole and introduces an anisotropic adjustment. A point polarizable ion model (PPI) and an orientation dependent polarizable ion model (ODPI) are discussed and applied to systems where the ion is highly polarizable and the neutral is only weakly polarizable. Significant deviations from classical Langevin rate constants and significant differences between PPI and ODPI are observed
Relational autonomy in breast diseases care: A qualitative study of contextual and social conditions of patients' capacity for decision-making 17 Psychology and Cognitive Sciences 1701 Psychology
Background: A relational approach to autonomy refers to the way in which social conditions and relationships shape a person's self-identity and capacity in decision-making. This article provides an empirical account of how treatment choices for women undergoing breast diseases care are fostered within the dynamics of their relationships with clinicians, family members, and other aspects of their social environment. Methods: This qualitative study recruited ten women undergoing treatment at a breast programme, and eight clinicians supporting their care, in a private teaching hospital in New South Wales, Australia. Fourteen patient-clinician consultation observations and 17 semi-structured interviews were conducted. Schema analysis of interview transcripts were undertaken by a team of researchers and corroborated by observational fieldnotes. Results: Relational identities of patients influenced the rationale for treatment decision-making. Patients drew on supportive resources from family and medical advice from clinicians to progress with treatment goals. While clinicians held much social power over patients as the medical experts, patients highlighted the need for clinicians to earn their trust through demonstrated professionalism. Information exchange created a communicative space for clinicians and patients to negotiate shared values, promoting greater patient ownership of treatment decisions. As treatment progressed, patients' personal experiences of illness and treatment became a source of self-reflection, with a transformative impact on self-confidence and assertiveness. Conclusion: Patients' confidence and self-trust can be fostered by opportunities for communicative engagement and self-reflection over the course of treatment in breast disease, and better integration of their self-identity and social values in treatment decisions
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