A 0.8V, 7μA, rail-to-rail input/output, constant Gm operational amplifier in standard digital 0.18μm CMOS

A two-stage amplifier, operational at 0.8V and drawing 7/spl mu/A, has been integrated in a standard digital 0.18/spl mu/m CMOS process. Rail-to-rail operations at the input are enabled by complementary transistor pairs with g/sub m/ control. The efficient rail-to-rail output stage is biased in class AB. The measured DC gain of the amplifier is 75dB, and the unity-gain frequency is 870kHz with a 12pF, 100k/spl Omega/load. Both input and output stage transistors are biased in weak inversion

LEC GaAs for integrated circuit applications

Recent developments in liquid encapsulated Czochralski techniques for the growth of semiinsulating GaAs for integrated circuit applications have resulted in significant improvements in the quality and quantity of GaAs material suitable for device processing. The emergence of high performance GaAs integrated circuit technologies has accelerated the demand for high quality, large diameter semiinsulating GaAs substrates. The new device technologies, including digital integrated circuits, monolithic microwave integrated circuits and charge coupled devices have largely adopted direct ion implantation for the formation of doped layers. Ion implantation lends itself to good uniformity and reproducibility, high yield and low cost; however, this technique also places stringent demands on the quality of the semiinsulating GaAs substrates. Although significant progress was made in developing a viable planar ion implantation technology, the variability and poor quality of GaAs substrates have hindered progress in process development

Analysis of clinical and environmental Candida parapsilosis isolates by microsatellite genotyping – a tool for hospital infections surveillance

Candida parapsilosis emerged as an important opportunistic pathogen, causing candidaemia worldwide. Nosocomial outbreaks triggered by this species have been frequently described, particularly in cancer patients. For a better understanding of its epidemiology, several typing methods are used and microsatellite analysis has been reported as highly discriminant. The main objective of this work was to study C. parapsilosis isolates by application of microsatellite genotyping to distinguish epidemiologically related strains, compare clinical and environmental isolates and determine possible routes of dispersion of the isolates in the hospital setting. A total of 129 C. parapsilosis isolates from different origins, including hospital environment and hands of healthcare workers, were genotyped using four microsatellite markers. The isolates were recovered from different health institutions. Analysis of C. parapsilosis isolates from hospital environment showed great genotypic diversity; however, the same or very similar genotypes were also found. The same multilocus genotype was shared by isolates recovered from the hand of a healthcare worker, from the hospital environment and from patients of the same healthcare institution, suggesting that these could be possible routes of transmission and that infections due to C. parapsilosis may be mainly related with exogenous transmission to the patient. Examination of sequential isolates from the same patients showed that colonizing and bloodstream isolates had the same multilocus genotype in the majority of cases. We demonstrate that this typing method is able to distinguish clonal clusters from genetically unrelated genotypes and can be a valuable tool to support epidemiologic investigations in the hospital setting.This research was supported by FCT/MEC, Portugal through Portuguese funds (PIDDAC) - Pest-OE/BIA/UI4050/2014 (CBMA), University of Minho. Raquel Sabino was financially supported by a fellowship from FCT, Portugal (contract BD/22100/2005).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

«Разработка проекта нормативов образования отходов и лимитов на их размещение производства полипропилена и полиэтилена ООО «Томскнефтехим»

РЕФЕРАТ Пояснительная записка 112 стр., таблиц 27, рисунков 3, источников литературы 50. Ключевые слова: ПРОМЫШЛЕННЫЕ ОТХОДЫ, НОРМАТИВНО-ПРАВОВАЯ БАЗА, ЗАКОН, ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ЭКСПЕРТИЗА, НОРМАТИВЫ, ЛИМИТЫ, ПАСПОРТ ОТХОДОВ, ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗДЕРЖКИ. Для того чтобы снизить негативное воздействие на окружающую среду от предприятий, деятельность которых связана с образованием отходов, необходимо разработать нормативы, касающиеся образования отходов, а также лимитов на их размещение. Проект ПНООЛР необходим каждому предприятию для определения суммарного количества и видов отходов и проведения учета, оценки обоснования возможности и допустимости накопления отходов на территории предприятия. Цель исследования: разработка проекта нормативов образования отходов и лимитов на их размещение для производств полипропилена и полиэтилена ООО «Томскнефтехим». Задачи исследования: ¬ -Провести литературный обзор по вопросам правового регулирования в области обращения с отходами и рассмотреть порядок, сроки разработки, согласование и нормативную базу для ПНООЛР. -Изучить производственную программу ООО «Томскнефтехим» и сведения о хозяйственной и иной деятельности, в результате осуществления которой образуются отходы. -Оценить существующее количество, вид и класс опасности отходов и их ежегодное образование. -Рассчитать плату за загрязнение окружающей среды ООО «Томскнефтехим» и определить предотвращенный экономический ущерб.ABSTRACT Explanatory note 112 pages, 27 tables, 3 figure. Keywords: industrial waste, LEGAL FRAMEWORK, THE LAW, environmental assessment, standards, limits, DATA MANAGEMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS. In order to reduce the negative environmental impact of businesses whose activities are related to the generation of waste, it is necessary to develop regulations regarding waste and limits on their placing. Draft standards and disposal limits required each plant to determine the total number and types of waste generated at the plant, for accounting, valuation studies possible and reasonable accumulation of waste in the plant. Objective: to develop draft standards for waste and limits on their placing for polypropylene and polyethylene production of "Tomskneftekhim". Research objectives: ¬ -Provesti literature review on the legal regulation in the field of waste management and to review the procedure, terms of development, coordination and regulatory framework for the draft norms. -Explore Production program "Tomskneftekhim" LLC and information on economic and other activities, as a result of which the waste is generated. -Otsenit Existing number, type and class of Hazardous Wastes and their annual education. -Rasschitat Fee for environmental pollution Ltd. "Tomskneftekhim" and determine the economic damage prevented

Where are we now with European forest multi-taxon biodiversity and where can we head to?

The European biodiversity and forest strategies rely on forest sustainable management (SFM) to conserve forest biodiversity. However, current sustainability assessments hardly account for direct biodiversity indicators. We focused on forest multi-taxon biodiversity to: i) gather and map the existing information; ii) identify knowledge and research gaps; iii) discuss its research potential. We established a research network to fit data on species, standing trees, lying deadwood and sampling unit description from 34 local datasets across 3591 sampling units. A total of 8724 species were represented, with the share of common and rare species varying across taxonomic classes: some included many species with several rare ones (e.g., Insecta); others (e.g., Bryopsida) were represented by few common species. Tree-related structural attributes were sampled in a subset of sampling units (2889; 2356; 2309 and 1388 respectively for diameter, height, deadwood and microhabitats). Overall, multi-taxon studies are biased towards mature forests and may underrepresent the species related to other developmental phases. European forest compositional categories were all represented, but beech forests were over-represented as compared to thermophilous and boreal forests. Most sampling units (94%) were referred to a habitat type of conservation concern. Existing information may support European conservation and SFM strategies in: (i) methodological harmonization and coordinated monitoring; (ii) definition and testing of SFM indicators and thresholds; (iii) data-driven assessment of the effects of environmental and management drivers on multi-taxon forest biological and functional diversity, (iv) multi-scale forest monitoring integrating in-situ and remotely sensed information

Transitions at CpG Dinucleotides, Geographic Clustering of TP53 Mutations and Food Availability Patterns in Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer is mainly attributed to diet, but the role exerted by foods remains unclear because involved factors are extremely complex. Geography substantially impacts on foods. Correlations between international variation in colorectal cancer-associated mutation patterns and food availabilities could highlight the influence of foods on colorectal mutagenesis. mutations from 12 countries/geographic areas. For food availabilities, we relied on data extracted from the Food Balance Sheets of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Dendrograms for mutation sites, mutation types and food patterns were constructed through Ward's hierarchical clustering algorithm and their stability was assessed evaluating silhouette values. Feature selection used entropy-based measures for similarity between clusterings, combined with principal component analysis by exhaustive and heuristic approaches. hotspots. Pearson's correlation scores, computed between the principal components of the datamatrices for mutation types, food availability and mutation sites, demonstrated statistically significant correlations between transitions at CpGs and both mutation sites and availabilities of meat, milk, sweeteners and animal fats, the energy-dense foods at the basis of “Western” diets. This is best explainable by differential exposure to nitrosative DNA damage due to foods that promote metabolic stress and chronic inflammation

Genomic perspectives on the evolution of fungal entomopathogenicity in Beauveria bassiana

The ascomycete fungus Beauveria bassiana is a pathogen of hundreds of insect species and is commercially produced as an environmentally friendly mycoinsecticide. We sequenced the genome of B. bassiana and a phylogenomic analysis confirmed that ascomycete entomopathogenicity is polyphyletic, but also revealed convergent evolution to insect pathogenicity. We also found many species-specific virulence genes and gene family expansions and contractions that correlate with host ranges and pathogenic strategies. These include B. bassiana having many more bacterial-like toxins (suggesting an unsuspected potential for oral toxicity) and effector-type proteins. The genome also revealed that B. bassiana resembles the closely related Cordyceps militaris in being heterothallic, although its sexual stage is rarely observed. A high throughput RNA-seq transcriptomic analysis revealed that B. bassiana could sense and adapt to different environmental niches by activating well-defined gene sets. The information from this study will facilitate further development of B. bassiana as a cost-effective mycoinsecticide