Effect of Cu/Zn on Material Removal Rate on Grey Cast Iron

Electrical Discharge machining (EDM) is capable of machining geometrically complex or hard material component and a widely used process in manufacturing industries for a high-precision machining of all types of conductive materials. Material of any hardness can be machined because the hardness is not a foremost parameter in EDM. In this paper, the effect of EDM parameters such as Pulse on Time, Pulse off Time, voltage and current on material removal rate (MRR) in Cast iron is investigated. Cast iron is an important material used in various applications because of its high hardness. Brass, whose main constituents are copper and zinc, is used as a tool material and the influence of copper and Zinc on cast iron workpiece is studied. Experiment is carried out and the results were analyzed using analysis of Variance and response graphs. Signal to Noise is used to identify the contribution of each cutting parameter towards the material removal rate.Â

Optimal Allocation of DSTATCOM in Distribution Network Using Whale Optimization Algorithm

This paper deals with a new approach implemented to decrease power losses and improve voltage profile in distribution networks using Distribution STATic COMpensator (DSTATCOM). DSTATCOM location can be determined by the voltage stability index (VSI) and sizing can be identified by nature inspired, recently developed whale optimization algorithm (WOA). To check efficacy, the proposed technique is tested on two standard buses: Indian rural electrification 28-bus and IEEE 69-bus distribution systems. Obtained results show that optimal allocation of DSTATCOM effectively reduces power losses and improves voltage profile

Incidence of Foramen Meningo - Orbitale in South Indian Population

Foramen meningo-orbitale is a small inconsistent foramen usually found on the roof or the lateral wall of orbit forming an additional connection between the orbit and the middle cranial fossa. It is usually single but may also be multiple transmitting the orbital branch of middle meningeal artery. In the current study we investigated 97 adult dried human skulls it was found to be present in 43 skulls (44.32%), it was unilateral 27 skulls (27.83%) and found bilaterally in 16 skulls (16.49%). The incidence of this foramen may be of surgical significance for surgeries related to the anterior cranial fossa and also to ophthalmologist

Formulation and Evaluation of Calcium Dobesilate Microspheres using Various Polymers

INTRODUCTION: CHRONIC VENOUS DISEASE: Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a condition that occurs when the venous wall and/or valves in the leg veins are not working effectively, making it difficult for blood to return to the heart from the legs. CVI causes blood to “pool” or collect in these veins, and this pooling is called stasis. CAUSES CHRONIC VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY: 1. Veins return blood to the heart from all the body’s organs. To reach the heart, the blood needs to flow upward from the veins in the legs. Calf muscles and the muscles in the feet need to contract with each step to squeeze the veins and push the blood upward. To keep the blood flowing up, and not back down, the veins contain one-way valves. 2. Chronic venous insufficiency occurs when these valves become damaged, allowing the blood to leak backward. Valve damage may occur as the result of aging, extended sitting or standing or a combination of aging and reduced mobility. When the veins and valves are weakened to the point where it is difficult for the blood to flow up to the heart, blood pressure in the veins stays elevated for long periods of time, leading to CVI. 3. CVI most commonly occurs as the result of a blood clot in the deep veins of the legs, a disease known as deep vein thrombosis (DVT). CVI also results from pelvic tumors and vascular malformations, and sometimes occurs for unknown reasons. Failure of the valves in leg veins to hold blood against gravity leads to sluggish movement of blood out of the veins, resulting in swollen legs. AIM OF PRESENT STUDY: Calcium Dobesilate is controlled release microspheres are gaining prominence as new targeted drug delivery system. This dosage form has to be administered orally for controlling the drug release. In this study, an effort has been made to formulate controlled release microspheres using polymer HPMC K100, Ethyl Cellulose, Eudragit L100, Sodium Alginate. Controlled release microspheres are gaining prominence as new targeted drug delivery system. In this study we aim to formulation and evaluation of Calcium Dobesilate microspheres for the treatment of chronic venous disease. Hence The Calcium Dobesilate as design controlled release microspheres provided following benefits 1. Microspheres in improve treatment efficacy while reducing toxicity. 2. The microspheres continue to protect the encauplasting agent after administration. 3. site specific drug can be achieved. 4. The microspheres release encapsulation molecules over extended time intervals up to 24 hrs. 5. drug is having Short half life, high water solubility to prolong the pharmacological action ideal candidate for design of controlled release microspheres formulation. 6. Constant drug releases for better therapeutic action. 7. In order to improve patient compliance . 8. Maintain therapeutic window, obtain controlled Drug release. 9. To reduce cost effect 10. To reduce side effects. 11. To reduce dosage frequency. 12. Long duration of action. OBJECTIVE OF PRESENT STUDY: Following objectives to develop to the formulation development and evaluation of Calcium Dobesilate microspheres. 1. To perform pre formulation studies. 2. To prepare the microspheres by using different methods- Ionic Gelation, Emulsion Solvent Evaporation method, Emulsification Ionic Gelation Method. 3. Selection of appropriate method for preparation of microspheres. 4. Study effect of various formulations and process variables on Microspheres size, entrapment efficiency and In-vitro release studies. 5. Evaluate the effect of different independent variables such as polymer concentration, Calcium chloride concentration and stirring speed. 5. To determine the compatibility of drug with the polymer by FTIR studies. 6. Study effect of various formulations for In-vitro drug release and release kinetics. 7. To carry out stability studies of Calcium Dobesilate microspheres. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: The present investigations were Formulation And Evaluation Of Calcium Dobesilate Microspheres for the Treatment of Chronic Venous Disease was developed to prolong action. The summary and conclusions of investigations is as follows 1. The present study was carried out to design the controlled release microspheres for the Calcium Dobesilate for treatment of Chronic Venous Disease. 2. The microspheres were formulated for controlled release by using different polymers like HPMC K100, Eudragit L100, Ethyl Cellulose in different ratios was found to control and stable drug release. 3. Sodium Alginate & Calcium Chloride is prepared by Ionic Gelation method. Here Calcium- Calcium interacted & sodium alginate is incompatible with drug. So spheres are not formed. 4. The use of Ethyl Cellulose and Eudragit L100 polymer makes a controlled release of Calcium Dobesilate microspheres with dissolution mechanism. 5. By using the enteric polymer Eudragit L100, increases the drug entrapment efficasy & yield value in 0.1N HCL than water. The reason is Eudragit L100 is insoluble in 0.1 n HCL. 6. These concept is explained the application of fixed dose dosage form which results in cost –effectiveness and reduce multiple of dosage forms. 7. From the above observations it is concluded that by Emulsion Solvent Evaporation Technique Formulation F21 was found 98.2 % at 24 hrs drug release 8. The release characteristics of the formulation appear as to follow F21 shows near zero order drug release and Zero order- Pappas mechanism. 9. Among all the techniques the best method was found Emulsion Solvent Evaporation method for Calcium Dobesilate

BENEFICIAL EFFECT OF NISHAAKATHAKAADHI KASHAYAM ON STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETES AND GLUCOSE METABOLIC ENZYMES

Polyherbal traditional formulation Nishaakathakaadhi Kashayam elicit antihyperglycemic effects in streptozotocin induced hyperglycemic rats. Nishaakathakaadhi Kashayam 0.6 ml/kg, p.o. significantly reduced the fasted blood glucose level after 60 days of treatment in diabetic rats. The Kashayam also reduced serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, alanine transaminase, aspertate transaminase, alkaline phophatase and urea whereas increased HDL, albumin, protein and haemoglobin levels become normal after the treatment. Glycolytic enzyme showed a significant increases in Streptozotocin induced condition while a significant decrease were observed in levels of the gluconeogenic enzymes in Nishaakathakaadhi Kashayam treated diabetic rats. The Kashayam was non-significantly active with standard drug Glibenclamide (0.6 mg/kg, p.o.). The Kashayam has a positive effect on the histopathological changes of the pancreatic beta cells in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The results suggest that Nishaakathakaadhi Kashayam possesses potential antihyperglycemic effect by regulating glucose homeostasis in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The scientific evidences to antidiabetic use suggest that administration of polyherbal formulation to rats, in a dosage used safely by humans, reduces the production of various diabetes causing biochemical parameters and concomitantly prevents the development of Type 2 (NIDDM) diabetes in established animal models. A combination of different herbals in NKK is used to get the enhanced desired activity

Emotion classification in Parkinson's disease by higher-order spectra and power spectrum features using EEG signals: A comparative study

Deficits in the ability to process emotions characterize several neuropsychiatric disorders and are traits of Parkinson's disease (PD), and there is need for a method of quantifying emotion, which is currently performed by clinical diagnosis. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, being an activity of central nervous system (CNS), can reflect the underlying true emotional state of a person. This study applied machine-learning algorithms to categorize EEG emotional states in PD patients that would classify six basic emotions (happiness and sadness, fear, anger, surprise and disgust) in comparison with healthy controls (HC). Emotional EEG data were recorded from 20 PD patients and 20 healthy age-, education level- and sex-matched controls using multimodal (audio-visual) stimuli. The use of nonlinear features motivated by the higher-order spectra (HOS) has been reported to be a promising approach to classify the emotional states. In this work, we made the comparative study of the performance of k-nearest neighbor (kNN) and support vector machine (SVM) classifiers using the features derived from HOS and from the power spectrum. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that power spectrum and HOS based features were statistically significant among the six emotional states (p < 0.0001). Classification results shows that using the selected HOS based features instead of power spectrum based features provided comparatively better accuracy for all the six classes with an overall accuracy of 70.10% ± 2.83% and 77.29% ± 1.73% for PD patients and HC in beta (13-30 Hz) band using SVM classifier. Besides, PD patients achieved less accuracy in the processing of negative emotions (sadness, fear, anger and disgust) than in processing of positive emotions (happiness, surprise) compared with HC. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of applying machine learning techniques to the classification of emotional states in PD patients in a user independent manner using EEG signals. The accuracy of the system can be improved by investigating the other HOS based features. This study might lead to a practical system for noninvasive assessment of the emotional impairments associated with neurological disorders

Optimal Allocation of DSTATCOM in Distribution Network Using Whale Optimization Algorithm

This paper deals with a new approach implemented to decrease power losses and improve voltage profile in distribution networks using Distribution STATic COMpensator (DSTATCOM). DSTATCOM location can be determined by the voltage stability index (VSI) and sizing can be identified by nature inspired, recently developed whale optimization algorithm (WOA). To check efficacy, the proposed technique is tested on two standard buses: Indian rural electrification 28-bus and IEEE 69-bus distribution systems. Obtained results show that optimal allocation of DSTATCOM effectively reduces power losses and improves voltage profile

Crystal structure of methyl 1-methyl-2-oxospiro[indoline-3,2′-oxirane]-3′-carboxylate

Acknowledgements The authors thank Dr Babu Vargheese, SAIF, IIT, Madras, India, for the data collection.Peer reviewedPublisher PD