Effect of planting density on yield and architecture suitability of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) varieties

A field experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) seasons of 2018 and 2019 at the research farm of Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College (Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University), Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, to study the effect of planting density on yield and architecture suitability of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) varieties. The experiment included 4 sowing densities (D1, 33.3 plants/m2; D2, 50 plants/m2; D3, 66.6 plants/m2 and D4, 100 plants/m2) and 3 genotypes with varying architecture (G1, Kadiri 6-erect; G2, Kadiri 9-decumbent 2; and G3, Dharani-decumbent 3). The results showed that across planting densities, Dharani and Kadiri 9 genotypes showed higher architectural traits, structural carbohydrates and kernel yield compared to the Kadiri 6. A significant positive correlation was detected between the lodging percentage and both plant height (r = 0.88**) and internodal length (r = 0.61*). Significant negative correlations, were identified between lodging percentage and several parameters, including leaf thickness (r = -0.92**), specific leaf weight (r = -0.93**), stem diameter (r = -0.79**), specific stem weight (r = -0.97**), number of branches (r = -0.72**), cellulose content (r = -0.80**), and lignin content (r = -0.79**). These findings indicate that the decumbent architecture is optimal for achieving groundnut lodging resistance and kernel yield in high-density planting systems

α-lipoic acid inhibits oxidative stress in testis and attenuates testicular toxicity in rats exposed to carbimazole during embryonic period

The aim of this study was to evaluate the probable protective effect of α-lipoic acid against testicular toxicity in rats exposed to carbimazole during the embryonic period. Time-mated pregnant rats were exposed to carbimazole from the embryonic days 9â21. After completion of the gestation period, all the rats were allowed to deliver pups and weaned. At postnatal day 100, F1 male pups were assessed for the selected reproductive endpoints. Gestational exposure to carbimazole decreased the reproductive organ indices, testicular daily sperm count, epididymal sperm variables viz., sperm count, viable sperm, motile sperm and HOS-tail coiled sperms. Significant decrease in the activity levels of 3β- and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases and expression of StAR mRNA levels with a significant increase in the total cholesterol levels were observed in the testis of experimental rats over the controls. These events were also accompanied by a significant reduction in the serum testosterone levels in CBZ exposed rats, indicating reduced steroidogenesis. In addition, the deterioration of the testicular architecture and reduced fertility ability were noticed in the carbimazole exposed rats. Significant reduction in the activity levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and reduced glutathione content with a significant increase in the levels of lipid peroxidation were observed in the testis of carbimazole exposed rats over the controls. Conversely, supplementation of α-lipoic acid (70 mg/Kg bodyweight) ameliorated the male reproductive health in rats exposed to carbimazole during the embryonic period as evidenced by enhanced reproductive organ weights, selected sperm variables, testicular steroidogenesis, and testicular enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. To conclude, diminished testicular antioxidant balance associated with reduced spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis might be responsible for the suppressed reproduction in rats exposed to the carbimazole transplacentally. On the other hand, α-lipoic acid through its antioxidant and steroidogenic properties mitigated testicular toxicity which eventually restored the male reproductive health of carbimazole-exposed rats. Keywords: Carbimazole, Lipoic acid, Oxidative stress, Spermatogenesis, Testosterone, Rat