Randomised trials relevant to mental health conducted in low and middle-income countries: protocol for a survey of studies published in 1991, 1995 and 2000 and assessment of their relevance

BACKGROUND A substantial proportion of the psychiatric burden of disease falls on the world's poorest nations. Despite this, relatively little is known about the quality and content of clinical research undertaken in these countries, or the relevance of the interventions evaluated and specifically that of randomised trials. This project aims to survey the content, quality and accessibility of a sample of trials relevant to mental health conducted within low and middle-income countries; to compare these with studies conducted in high-income countries; and to assess their relevance for the needs of low and middle-income countries. METHODS An extensive search for all trials, or possible trials, published in 1991, 1995 and 2000 with participants in low and middle-income countries has already been conducted. Studies evaluating prevention or treatment of a mental health problem within these three years will be identified and further searches conducted to assess completeness of the initial search. Data on study quality and characteristics will be extracted from each report. Accessibility will be estimated based on whether each citation is available on MEDLINE. Trials relevant to schizophrenia will be compared with a random sample of schizophrenia trials from high-income countries in the same years. Topics covered by the trials will be compared with the estimated burden of disease. CONCLUSION Trials and systematic reviews of trials are the gold standard of evaluation of care and increasingly provide the basis for recommendations to clinicians, to providers of care and to policy makers. Results from this study will present the first assessment of the scope, quality and accessibility of mental health trials in low and middle-income countries

Sintering temperature effect on density, structural and morphological properties of Mg- and Sr-doped ceria

AbstractStrontium and magnesium doped ceria solid solutions (Ce0.99Sr0.01O1.995 and Ce0.99M0.01O1.995) were synthesized by a cost effective solid state reaction. The doped and un-doped CeO2 samples were sintered at 1200°C, 1300°C and 1400°C to investigate the effect of sintering temperature and doping on density, structural and morphological properties. The density was measured by Archimedes’ method. It is observed that the density increases with increasing sintering temperature and with doping of strontium. The crystal structure and surface morphology have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD and SEM reveals that the synthesized samples are single phase with a cubic fluorite structure, and the grains formed are of different sizes. The grain size depends on sintering temperature and type of doping. The lattice parameter increases with sintering temperature and substitution of Sr in ceria. The Grain size of Sr-doped ceria decreases, whereas that of Mg-doped ceria increases. EDS spectra show that the samples are free of contaminants. The Ce0.99Sr0.01O1.995 shows a more open structure than un-doped ceria

Contemporary Control of DG Integrated DVR for Sag, Swell and Harmonic Mitigation

This paper presents a novel control strategy to control DG integrated DVR (dynamic voltage restorer) for mitigation voltage quality problems. Power quality is the most concerning areas in power engineering and voltage quality is of prime focus. Voltage sag, voltage swell and harmonics in voltage causes deterioration in quality of voltage delivered to load. A minor disturbance in voltage profile can degrade the performance of load. Dynamic voltage restorer is a quick responsive custom power device for voltage quality improvement. Photovoltaic (PV) system is considered as DG and output voltage of PV system is boosted with a boost converter to support voltage source converter of DVR. DG integrated DVR with novel control strategy for mitigation of voltage sag, swell and voltage harmonic is presented in this paper. The power system model with DG integrated DVR is developed and results are obtained using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Results are discussed during pre and post sag/swell condition with compensation and THD in voltage is maintained within nominal values

Antennal Responses of the Two Host Races of the Larch Bud Moth, Zeiraphera diniana , to Larch and Cembran Pine Volatiles

The larch bud moth (LBM) Zeiraphera diniana Guenée causes defoliation on larch in the Alps at 8- to 10-year intervals, after which populations crash. There are two LBM host races, one on larch and the other on cembran pine. These host races are morphologically indistinguishable as adults but they differ genetically in larval color types. Furthermore, females of each host race produce distinct pheromone blends and show oviposition preferences for their respective hosts. It is not clear to what extent host choice contributes to assortative mating in the LBM. Here, we compare the olfactory sensitivities of the two host races to the odors of fresh foliage of the host plants using the electroantennogram (EAG) technique, and the responses of the two host races to volatiles collected from the two host plants as analyzed by gas-chromatography-linked antennographic detection (GC-EAD). Both sexes of the larch and cembran host races show the same EAG responses to vapors of fresh larch and cembran pine foliage. Fifteen plant volatiles identified as chemostimuli by GC-EAD from larch and cembran pine odors elicited the same antennogram responses from the two host races. However, the GC-EAD analyses indicate that the number and quantity of chemostimuli emanating from each host plant is different. It is, therefore, most probably the array of olfactory receptors responding to the bouquet of volatiles unique to each host plant that underlies the host preferences of the two races. What remains open is the extent to which the similarity of the olfactory systems may contribute to cross-attraction. The fact that LBM individuals with intermediate characteristics between the two host races exist, suggests that olfactory perception does not hinder gene flow and contributes to sustained genetic diversity within the species Z. dinian

Olfactory and behavioural responses of tsetse flies, Glossina spp., to rumen metabolites

Herbivores provide tsetse flies with a blood meal, and both wild and domesticated ruminants dominate as hosts. As volatile metabolites from the rumen are regularly eructed with rumen gas, these products could serve tsetse flies during host searching. To test this, we first established that the odour of rumen fluid is attractive to hungry Glossina pallidipes in a wind tunnel. We then made antennogram recordings from three tsetse species (G.pallidipes morsitans group, G.fuscipes palpalis group and G.brevipalpis fusca group) coupled to gas chromatographic analysis of rumen fluid odour and of its acidic, mildly acidic and neutral fractions. This shows tsetse flies can detect terpenes, ketones, carboxylic acids, aliphatic aldehydes, sulphides, phenols and indoles from this biological substrate. A mixture of carboxylic acids at a ratio similar to that present in rumen fluid induced behavioural responses from G.pallidipes in the wind tunnel that were moderately better than the solvent control. The similarities in the sensory responses of the tsetse fly species to metabolites from ruminants demonstrated in this study testify to a contribution of habitat exploitation by these vertebrates in the Africa-wide distribution of tsets

Interaction of light with a single atom in the strong focusing regime

We consider the near-resonant interaction between a single atom and a focused light mode, where a single atom localized at the focus of a lens can scatter a significant fraction of light. Complementary to previous experiments on extinction and phase shift effects of a single atom, we report here on the measurement of coherently backscattered light. The strength of the observed effect suggests combining strong focusing with the well-established methods of cavity QED. We consider theoretically a nearly concentric cavity, which should allow for a strongly focused optical mode. Simple estimates show that in a such case one can expect a significant single photon Rabi frequency. This opens new perspectives and a possibility to scale up the system consisting of many atom+cavity nodes for quantum networking due to a significant technical simplification of the atom--light interfaces.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures, followup of workshop "Single photon technologies" in Boulder, CO, 200