Colourings of lattices and coincidence site lattices

The relationship between the coincidence indices of a lattice $\Gamma_1$ and a sublattice $\Gamma_2$ of $\Gamma_1$ is examined via the colouring of $\Gamma_1$ that is obtained by assigning a unique colour to each coset of $\Gamma_2$. In addition, the idea of colour symmetry, originally defined for symmetries of lattices, is extended to coincidence isometries of lattices. An example involving the Ammann-Beenker tiling is provided to illustrate the results in the quasicrystal setting.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figure

In vivo effects of interleukin-17 on haematopoietic cells and cytokine release in normal mice

In order to gain more insight into mechanisms operating on the haematopoietic activity of the T-cell-derived cytokine, interleukin-17 (IL-17) and target cells that first respond to its action in vivo, the influence of a single intravenous injection of recombinant mouse IL-17 on bone marrow progenitors, further morphologically recognizable cells and peripheral blood cells was assessed in normal mice up to 72 h after treatment. Simultaneously, the release of IL-6, IL-10, IGF-I, IFN-gamma and NO by bone marrow cells was determined. Results showed that, in bone marrow, IL-17 did not affect granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) progenitors, but induced a persistant increase in the number of morphologically recognizable proliferative granulocytes (PG) up to 48 h after treatment. The number of immature erythroid (BFU-E) progenitors was increased at 48 h, while the number of mature erythroid (CFU-E) progenitors was decreased up to 48 h. In peripheral blood, white blood cells were increased 6 h after treatment, mainly because of the increase in the number of lymphocytes. IL-17 also increased IL-6 release and NO production 6 h after administration. Additional in vitro assessment on bone marrow highly enriched Lin(-) progenitor cells, demonstrated a slightly enhancing effect of IL-17 on CFU-GM and no influence on BFU-E, suggesting the importance of bone marrow accessory cells and secondary induced cytokines for IL-17 mediated effects on progenitor cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that in vivo IL-17 affects both granulocytic and erythroid lineages, with more mature haematopoietic progenitors responding first to its action. The opposite effects exerted on PG and CFU-E found at the same time indicate that IL-17, as a component of a regulatory network, is able to intervene in mechanisms that shift haematopoiesis from the erythroid to the granulocytic lineage

Diffractive point sets with entropy

After a brief historical survey, the paper introduces the notion of entropic model sets (cut and project sets), and, more generally, the notion of diffractive point sets with entropy. Such sets may be thought of as generalizations of lattice gases. We show that taking the site occupation of a model set stochastically results, with probabilistic certainty, in well-defined diffractive properties augmented by a constant diffuse background. We discuss both the case of independent, but identically distributed (i.i.d.) random variables and that of independent, but different (i.e., site dependent) random variables. Several examples are shown.Comment: 25 pages; dedicated to Hans-Ude Nissen on the occasion of his 65th birthday; final version, some minor addition

Malignant pleural mesothelioma with long-term tumor disappearance of a local relapse after surgery: a case report

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licens

973MO KEYNOTE-189 5-year update: First-line pembrolizumab (pembro) + pemetrexed (pem) and platinum vs placebo (pbo) + pem and platinum for metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC

Background: Pembro + pem-platinum significantly improved survival vs pbo + pem-platinum in patients (pts) with previously untreated, metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC without sensitizing EGFR/ALK alterations, regardless of PD-L1 TPS, in the phase III KEYNOTE-189 study (NCT02578680). We report updated results with ∼5 y of follow-up. Methods: Pts were randomized 2:1 to receive pembro 200 mg or pbo Q3W for up to 35 cycles (2y). All pts also received pem and investigator’s choice of carboplatin/cisplatin for 4 cycles, followed by maintenance pem until PD/unacceptable toxicity. Crossover from the pbo + pem-platinum group to pembro monotherapy was permitted after PD. Primary endpoints were OS and PFS. Results: Among 616 pts randomized (pembro + pem-platinum, n = 410; pbo + pem-platinum, n = 206), median time from randomization to data cutoff (Mar 8, 2022) was 64.6 (range, 60.1–72.4) mo. 116/202 (57.4%) treated pts crossed over from pbo + pem-platinum to anti–PD-(L)1 therapy during/outside the study. Median (95% CI) OS was 22.0 (19.5‒24.5) mo vs 10.6 (8.7‒13.6) mo with pembro + pem-platinum vs pbo + pem-platinum (HR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.50‒0.72) and 5-y OS rates were 19.4% vs 11.3%, respectively. Median (95% CI) PFS was 9.0 (8.1‒10.4) mo vs 4.9 (4.7‒5.5) mo (HR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.42‒0.60). Additional efficacy results are in the table. Among pts with ≥1 dose of assigned treatment, grade 3‒5 AEs occurred in 295/405 (72.8%) vs 136/202 (67.3%) of pts. Among 57 pts who completed 35 cycles of pembro, ORR was 86.0% (CR, n = 8; PR, n = 41); 3-y OS rate after completion of 35 cycles of pembro was 71.9%. Conclusions: First-line pembro + pem-platinum continued to show OS and PFS benefits with manageable toxicity vs pbo + pem-platinum, irrespective of PD-L1 expression. Pts who completed 35 cycles of pembro experienced durable responses. These data further support pembro + pem-platinum as a standard of care for metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC without sensitizing EGFR/ALK alterations

Neutrophils in cancer: neutral no more

Neutrophils are indispensable antagonists of microbial infection and facilitators of wound healing. In the cancer setting, a newfound appreciation for neutrophils has come into view. The traditionally held belief that neutrophils are inert bystanders is being challenged by the recent literature. Emerging evidence indicates that tumours manipulate neutrophils, sometimes early in their differentiation process, to create diverse phenotypic and functional polarization states able to alter tumour behaviour. In this Review, we discuss the involvement of neutrophils in cancer initiation and progression, and their potential as clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets

Mesozoic fossils (>145 Mya) suggest the antiquity of the subgenera of Daphnia and their coevolution with chaoborid predators

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The timescale of the origins of <it>Daphnia </it>O. F. Mueller (Crustacea: Cladocera) remains controversial. The origin of the two main subgenera has been associated with the breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea. This vicariance hypothesis is supported by reciprocal monophyly, present day associations with the former Gondwanaland and Laurasia regions, and mitochondrial DNA divergence estimates. However, previous multilocus nuclear DNA sequence divergence estimates at < 10 Million years are inconsistent with the breakup of Pangaea. We examined new and existing cladoceran fossils from a Mesozoic Mongolian site, in hopes of gaining insights into the timescale of the evolution of <it>Daphnia</it>.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We describe new fossils of ephippia from the Khotont site in Mongolia associated with the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary (about 145 MYA) that are morphologically similar to several modern genera of the family Daphniidae, including the two major subgenera of <it>Daphnia</it>, i.e., <it>Daphnia </it>s. str. and <it>Ctenodaphnia</it>. The daphniid fossils co-occurred with fossils of the predaceous phantom midge (Chaoboridae).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our findings indicate that the main subgenera of <it>Daphnia </it>are likely much older than previously known from fossils (at least 100 MY older) or from nuclear DNA estimates of divergence. The results showing co-occurrence of the main subgenera far from the presumed Laurasia/Gondwanaland dispersal barrier shortly after formation suggests that vicariance from the breakup of Pangaea is an unlikely explanation for the origin of the main subgenera. The fossil impressions also reveal that the coevolution of a dipteran predator (Chaoboridae) with the subgenus <it>Daphnia </it>is much older than previously known -- since the Mesozoic.</p