29 research outputs found

    Trichomonas vaginalis vast BspA-like gene family: evidence for functional diversity from structural organisation and transcriptomics

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Trichomonas vaginalis </it>is the most common non-viral human sexually transmitted pathogen and importantly, contributes to facilitating the spread of HIV. Yet very little is known about its surface and secreted proteins mediating interactions with, and permitting the invasion and colonisation of, the host mucosa. Initial annotations of <it>T. vaginalis </it>genome identified a plethora of candidate extracellular proteins.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Data mining of the <it>T. vaginalis </it>genome identified 911 BspA-like entries (TvBspA) sharing TpLRR-like leucine-rich repeats, which represent the largest gene family encoding potential extracellular proteins for the pathogen. A broad range of microorganisms encoding BspA-like proteins was identified and these are mainly known to live on mucosal surfaces, among these <it>T. vaginalis </it>is endowed with the largest gene family. Over 190 TvBspA proteins with inferred transmembrane domains were characterised by a considerable structural diversity between their TpLRR and other types of repetitive sequences and two subfamilies possessed distinct classic sorting signal motifs for endocytosis. One TvBspA subfamily also shared a glycine-rich protein domain with proteins from <it>Clostridium difficile </it>pathogenic strains and <it>C. difficile </it>phages. Consistent with the hypothesis that TvBspA protein structural diversity implies diverse roles, we demonstrated for several TvBspA genes differential expression at the transcript level in different growth conditions. Identified variants of repetitive segments between several TvBspA paralogues and orthologues from two clinical isolates were also consistent with TpLRR and other repetitive sequences to be functionally important. For one TvBspA protein cell surface expression and antibody responses by both female and male <it>T. vaginalis </it>infected patients were also demonstrated.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The biased mucosal habitat for microbial species encoding BspA-like proteins, the characterisation of a vast structural diversity for the TvBspA proteins, differential expression of a subset of TvBspA genes and the cellular localisation and immunological data for one TvBspA; all point to the importance of the TvBspA proteins to various aspects of <it>T. vaginalis </it>pathobiology at the host-pathogen interface.</p

    <i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i> vast BspA-like gene family: evidence for functional diversity from structural organisation and transcriptomics

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    Background. Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common non-viral human sexually transmitted pathogen and importantly, contributes to facilitating the spread of HIV. Yet very little is known about its surface and secreted proteins mediating interactions with, and permitting the invasion and colonisation of, the host mucosa. Initial annotations of T. vaginalis genome identified a plethora of candidate extracellular proteins. Results. Data mining of the T. vaginalis genome identified 911 BspA-like entries (TvBspA) sharing TpLRR-like leucine-rich repeats, which represent the largest gene family encoding potential extracellular proteins for the pathogen. A broad range of microorganisms encoding BspA-like proteins was identified and these are mainly known to live on mucosal surfaces, among these T. vaginalis is endowed with the largest gene family. Over 190 TvBspA proteins with inferred transmembrane domains were characterised by a considerable structural diversity between their TpLRR and other types of repetitive sequences and two subfamilies possessed distinct classic sorting signal motifs for endocytosis. One TvBspA subfamily also shared a glycine-rich protein domain with proteins from Clostridium difficile pathogenic strains and C. difficile phages. Consistent with the hypothesis that TvBspA protein structural diversity implies diverse roles, we demonstrated for several TvBspA genes differential expression at the transcript level in different growth conditions. Identified variants of repetitive segments between several TvBspA paralogues and orthologues from two clinical isolates were also consistent with TpLRR and other repetitive sequences to be functionally important. For one TvBspA protein cell surface expression and antibody responses by both female and male T. vaginalis infected patients were also demonstrated. Conclusions. The biased mucosal habitat for microbial species encoding BspA-like proteins, the characterisation of a vast structural diversity for the TvBspA proteins, differential expression of a subset of TvBspA genes and the cellular localisation and immunological data for one TvBspA; all point to the importance of the TvBspA proteins to various aspects of T. vaginalis pathobiology at the host-pathogen interface

    Sk艂ad jonowy w贸d niskoturzycowej eutroficznej m艂aki majerz w Pieni艅skim Parku Narodowym

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    Ionic composition of the analyzed fen waters was variable over the study period and depended on climatic and anthropogenic factors, such as temperature and precipitation and also on the use of land situated on a slope above the analyzed fen. On the basis of ionic composition Majerz fen water, according to the Szczukariew-Prik艂o艅ski classification, may be classified in the 18th hydrochemical class of hydrogen carbonate-calcium-magnesium waters.Sk艂ad jonowy w贸d badanej m艂aki by艂 zmienny w okresie bada艅 i zale偶a艂 od czynnik贸w klimatycznych i antropogennych. Na podstawie sk艂adu jonowego, wed艂ug klasyfikacji hydrochemicznej Szczukariewa-Prik艂o艅skiego mo偶na je zaliczy膰 do 18 klasy hydrochemicznej w贸d wodorow臋glanowo--wapniowo-magnezowych

    Spring fen Scheuchzerio-Caricetea nigrae in the Polish Western Carpathians - vegetation diversity in relation to soil and feeding waters

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    The species composition of vegetation associated with the Carpathian fens primarily depends on the type of water present and the hydrological feeding of the soils that occur there. These, in turn, shape the fertility of the fens. Those with typically formed Carici-Agrostietum caninae and Valeriano-Caricetum flavae fundamentally differ in the properties of their soils and feeding waters. These include differences in mineral content, pH, CaCO3 levels, degree of peat decomposition, electrical conductivity and oxygenation of the waters that feed the fens. Carici-Agrostietum caninae is a homogenous plant association adapted to extreme habitat conditions. It is characterized by a very narrow range of essential soil and feeding water parameters. Valeriano-Caricetum flavae is a highly diverse association. Considerable diversity both in terms of plant species and vegetation structure reflects very wide ranges in the properties of soil and feeding water. Vegetation patches of transitory character were also identified. These contained plant species characteristic of both associations. The character of the vegetation depends mainly on fen soil pH and the degree of mineralization of the feeding waters. It is only these parameters that allow intermediate patches to be clearly distinguished. The degree of peat decomposition, mineral content and water oxygenation all differ for Carici-Agrostietum caninae and Valeriano-Caricetum flavae, whereas the values for intermediate patches display a range of parameters typical of both investigated associations. Consequently, vegetation present in these patches reflects to a greater or lesser extent one of the two analyzed plant associations

    Metale ci臋偶kie w glebach torfowych powiatu koneckiego

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    The peat soils, like other hydrogenic soils, accumulate heavy metals in a much higher amount than mineral soils. Hight organic matter content in peat soils favours accumulation of heavy metals. The research aimed at determining the degree of accumulation of selected heavy metals (Cd, Pb and Zn) in peat soils located in the area of the Konecki county (Staropolski Industrial Region). The research results demonstrated that location of the analyzed peat bogs influenced heavy metal concentrations. The lowest contents of the analyzed heavy metals were characteristic of the soils of the peat bog situated at the longest distance from potential sources of pollution.Gleby torfowisk, podobnie jak inne gleby organiczne, s膮 w wi臋kszym stopniu nara偶one na zanieczyszczenie metalami ci臋偶kimi ni偶 gleby mineralne. Akumulacji metali ci臋偶kich w glebach torfowych sprzyja du偶a zawarto艣膰 materii organicznej. Celem przeprowadzonych bada艅 by艂a ocena zanieczyszczenia metalami ci臋偶kimi (Cd, Pb, Zn) gleb torfowisk powiatu koneckiego. Przeprowadzone badania wykaza艂y, 偶e wp艂yw na zawarto艣膰 metali ci臋偶kich mia艂a lokalizacja badanych torfowisk. Najmniejszymi zawarto艣ciami badanych metali ci臋偶kich charakteryzowa艂y si臋 gleby torfowiska po艂o偶onego w najwi臋kszej odleg艂o艣ci od potencjalnych 藕r贸de艂 zanieczyszcze艅

    Chemiczna ocena dw贸ch odmian tymotki 艂膮kowej (Phleum pratense L.) w zale偶no艣ci od terminu zbioru. Cz. II. Zawarto艣膰 mikroelement贸w

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    The goal of the present study was an assessment of microelements content in timothy grass in dependence on the time of the first swath collection. Two timothy grass cultivars were examined ie: Skala and Skald. They were mown three times during the vegetation period. The sward of the first swath was collected six times: the first time during the plant tillering and then at 7-day intervals. In collected green grass the dry matter content was evaluated by drying at 105 掳C. After mineralization of hay samples Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn content was assessed by the ICP-AES method. The research was run in the years 2004-2006 on the pseudopodzol soil formed from light, dusty clay located shallow on the medium clay of good wheat complex. The time of sample collection significantly affected the microelement content in the examined plants. Retardation of the first swath resulted in a lower level of copper, manganese and zinc. In the plants derived with the second and third swath copper, iron, manganese and zinc level decreased depending on the time of collection. Both cultivars were characterised with a slightly different chemical composition; higher iron, manganese, and zinc level was stated for Skala, whereas the Skald cultivar contained higher amounts of copper and nickel. It was found that average microelement content, with exception of nickel, in both cultivars of timothy grass exceeded the values assumed as optimal.Celem bada艅 by艂a ocena zawarto艣ci mikroelement贸w w tymotce 艂膮kowej w zale偶no艣ci od terminu zbioru I pokosu. W do艣wiadczeniu uwzgl臋dniono dwie odmiany tymotki 艂膮kowej: Skala i Skald, kt贸re koszono trzykrotnie w sezonie wegetacyjnym. W I pokosie ru艅 zbierano w sze艣ciu terminach: pierwszy wykonano w fazie krzewienia si臋 ro艣lin, a nast臋pne w odst臋pach siedmiodniowych. W pr贸bkach zielonki oznaczono zawarto艣膰 suchej masy metod膮 suszarkow膮 w temperaturze 105 st.C. Po mineralizacji pr贸bek siana oznaczono zawarto艣膰 Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni i Zn, metod膮 ICP-AES. Badania przeprowadzono w latach 2004-2006 na glebie pseudobielicowej wytworzonej z gliny lekkiej pylastej, zalegaj膮cej p艂ytko na glinie 艣redniej zaliczanej do kompleksu pszennego dobrego. Termin zbioru statystycznie istotnie wp艂ywa艂 na zawarto艣膰 mikroelement贸w w ro艣linach. Op贸藕nienie zbioru pierwszego pokosu powodowa艂o obni偶enie si臋 w ro艣linach zawarto艣ci miedzi, manganu i cynku. W ro艣linach II i III pokosu koncentracja miedzi, 偶elaza, manganu i cynku zmniejsza艂a si臋 w zale偶no艣ci od terminu zbioru. W sk艂adzie chemicznym stwierdzono niewielkie zr贸偶nicowanie mi臋dzy odmianami, wi臋ksze zawarto艣ci 偶elaza, manganu i cynku odnotowano u odmiany Skala, a miedzi i niklu u odmiany Skald. Stwierdzono, 偶e zawarto艣ci mikroelement贸w w badanych odmianach tymotki 艂膮kowej przewy偶sza艂y warto艣ci optymalne, poza zawarto艣ci膮 niklu

    The conttent of selected macroelements in fen soils of different trophic status

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    Ze wzgl臋du na trofizm niskoturzycowe m艂aki g贸rskie dzieli si臋 na oligo-, mezo- i eutroficzne. Przeprowadzone badania mia艂y na celu ocen臋 zawarto艣ci wapnia, magnezu, potasu i sodu, ekstrahowanych roztworem 0,5 mol路dm-3 HCL, w glebach m艂ak o zr贸偶nicowanym trofizmie i r贸偶nym kierunku proces贸w pedogenicznych w nich zachodz膮cych. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych bada艅 stwierdzono, 偶e gleby badanych m艂ak charakteryzowa艂y si臋 zr贸偶nicowan膮 zawarto艣ci膮 oznaczonych makroelement贸w, zw艂aszcza wapnia, kt贸ra zale偶a艂a od pod艂o偶a geologicznego, typu hydrologicznego zasilania, mineralizacji zasilaj膮cych je w贸d, kierunku procesu pedogenicznego oraz antropogenicznego oddzia艂ywania.Low sedge mountain fens, because of their trophic status, are divided into oligo-, meso- and eutrophic. Performed studies aimed at assessing the content of calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium extracted with 0,5 mol路dm-3 HCL from fen soils of diversified trophic status and different direction of pedogenic processes. It was that soils of studied fens were characterised by different content of macroelements, particularly calcium, whit depended on the geological bedrock, type of the hydrological feeding, mineralization of inflowing waters, the direction of pedogenic processes and anthropogenic impacts

    Influence of human activity on the properties of soil and waters hydrogenic habitats

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    Zbadano wp艂yw rolniczego u偶ytkowania teren贸w po艂o偶onych w pobli偶u dw贸ch siedlisk hydrogenicznych z terenu Kotliny Orawsko-Nowotarskiej w Szaflarach i Jab艂once na w艂a艣ciwo艣ci ich gleb i w贸d oraz na kierunek proces贸w pedogenicznych zachodz膮cych w glebach. Stwierdzono, 偶e wykorzystanie przez cz艂owieka teren贸w po艂o偶onych bezpo艣rednio w pobli偶u siedlisk hydrogenicznych znacz膮co wp艂yn臋艂o na w艂a艣ciwo艣ci gleb i w贸d. W wyniku melioracji odwadniaj膮cej, gleby m艂aki w Jab艂once przesz艂y z fazy akumulacji materii organicznej w faz臋 decesji. Spowodowa艂o to zmian臋 ich w艂a艣ciwo艣ci chemicznych i fizycznych. W wyniku sp艂yw贸w powierzchniowych, pochodz膮cych ze stoku po艂o偶onego powy偶ej m艂aki w Szaflarach u偶ytkowanego jako pastwisko, zmianie uleg艂 sk艂ad jonowy w贸d tej m艂aki. Zmiana kierunku procesu pedogenicznego zachodz膮cego w glebach m艂aki w Jab艂once oraz sk艂adu jonowego w贸d zasilaj膮cych m艂ak臋 w Szaflarach mo偶e spowodowa膰 ekstynkcje z tych teren贸w wielu cennych pod wzgl臋dem przyrodniczym, 艣ci艣le stenotopowych, gatunk贸w ro艣lin i zwierz膮t.The effects of the agricultural use of lands located in the vicinity of two hydrogenic habitats in the area of the Orawsko-Nowotarska Basin (Szaflary and Jablonka fens) on their soil and water properties and the direction of pedogenic processes occurring in their soils were investigated. It was found that the agricultural use of lands located in the vicinity of hydrogenic habitats significantly affected their soil and water properties. As a result of drainage irrigation, Jablonka fen soils passed the phase of accumulation of organic matter in the decession phase. This resulted in a change in their chemical and physical properties. As a result of run-off from the slope above Szaflary fen, used as pasture, the ionic composition of the waters was changed. Changes in the direction of the pedogenic process occurring in Jablonka fen soils and ionic composition of the water supply in Szaflary fen can cause the extinction of species valuable in terms of nature, namely stenotopic, plant and animal species, in these lands

    Og贸lna charakterystyka wybranych profili gleb pod zbiorowiskiem olszyny g贸rskiej (Caltho-Alnetum) w Babiog贸rskim Parku Narodowym

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    Caltho-Alnetum associations belong to priority biotopes listed in the annex to 1st Habitats Directive of the European Union. Most of these habitats in the area of present Babiog贸rski National Park were reclaimed in the seventies. The present research compared the properties of soils and waters in the Caltho-Alnetum habitats, which were drained in the seventies with the analogous properties of habitats which were transformed by the anthropogenic factors only to a smali degree. The studies revealed a significant effect of rcclamation works conducted in the seventies on such parameters as organie carbon and mineral contents, degree of organic matter decomposition, degree of moorshing and groundwater level.Siedliska bagiennej olszyny g贸rskiej nale偶膮 do siedlisk priorytetowych wymienionych w za艂膮czniku I Dyrektywy Siedliskowej Unii Europejskiej. Wi臋kszo艣膰 tych siedlisk z obecnego terenu Babiog贸rskiego Parku Narodowego zosta艂a zmeliorowana w latach siedemdziesi膮tych. W ramach bada艅 por贸wnano podstawowe w艂a艣ciwo艣ci gleb i w贸d siedlisk bagiennej olszyny g贸rskiej, kt贸re w latach siedemdziesi膮tych zosta艂y odwodnione, z analogicznymi w艂a艣ciwo艣ciami siedlisk w ma艂ym stopniu przekszta艂conych przez czynniki antropogenne. Badania wykaza艂y du偶y wp艂yw melioracji przeprowadzonych w latach siedemdziesi膮tych na takie parametry gleb, jak zawarto艣膰 w臋gla organicznego i popielno艣膰, stopie艅 rozk艂adu materii organicznej, stopie艅 murszenia oraz poziom w贸d gruntowych
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