72 research outputs found
Magnetic irreversibility and Verwey transition in nano-crystalline bacterial magnetite
The magnetic properties of biologically-produced magnetite nanocrystals
biomineralized by four different magnetotactic bacteria were compared to those
of synthetic magnetite nanocrystals and large, high quality single crystals.
The magnetic feature at the Verwey temperature, , was clearly seen in
all nanocrystals, although its sharpness depended on the shape of individual
nanoparticles and whether or not the particles were arranged in magnetosome
chains. The transition was broader in the individual superparamagnetic
nanoparticles for which , where is the superparamagnetic
blocking temperature. For the nanocrystals organized in chains, the effective
blocking temperature and the Verwey transition is sharply
defined. No correlation between the particle size and was found.
Furthermore, measurements of suggest that magnetosome chains
behave as long magnetic dipoles where the local magnetic field is directed
along the chain and this result confirms that time-logarithmic magnetic
relaxation is due to the collective (dipolar) nature of the barrier for
magnetic moment reorientation
Two-dimensional assembly of nanoparticles grafted with charged-end-group polymers
{\bf Hypothesis:} Introducing charged terminal groups to polymers that graft
nanoparticles enables Coulombic control over their assembly by tuning pH and
salinity of aqueous suspensions.
{\bf Experiments:} Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are grafted with poly(ethylene
glycol) (PEG) terminated with CH3 (charge neutral), COOH (negatively charged),
or NH2 (positively charged) groups. The nanoparticles are characterized using
dynamic light scattering, {\zeta}-potential, and thermal gravimetric analysis.
Liquid surface X-ray reflectivity (XR) and grazing incidence small-angle X-ray
scattering (GISAXS) techniques are employed to determine the density profile
and in-plane structure of the AuNP assembly across and on the aqueous surface.
{\bf Findings:} The assembly of PEG-AuNPs at the liquid/vapor interface can
be tuned by adjusting pH or salinity, particularly for COOH terminals. However,
the effect is less pronounced for NH2 terminals. These distinct assembly
behaviors are attributed to the overall charge of PEG-AuNPs and the
conformation of PEG. The COOH-PEG corona is the most compact, resulting in
smaller superlattice constants. The net charge per particle depends not only on
the PEG terminal groups but also on the cation sequestration of PEG and the
intrinsic negative charge of the AuNP surface. NH2-PEG, due to its closeness to
overall charge neutrality and the presence of hydrogen bonding, enables the
assembly of NH2-PEG-AuNPs more readily.Comment: Submitted to the Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, and it's
under review currentl
Repurposing Niclosamide for Targeting Pancreatic Cancer by Inhibiting Hh/Gli Non-Canonical Axis of Gsk3β
Niclosamide (Nic), an FDA-approved anthelmintic drug, is reported to have anti-cancer efficacy and is being assessed in clinical trials for various solid tumors. Based on its ability to target multiple signaling pathways, in the present study, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of Nic on pancreatic cancer (PC) in vitro. We observed an anti-cancerous effect of this drug as shown by the G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest, inhibition of PC cell viability, colony formation, and migration. Our results revealed the involvement of mitochondrial stress and mTORC1-dependent autophagy as the predominant players of Nic-induced PC cell death. Significant reduction of Nic-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death in the presence of a selective autophagy inhibitor spautin-1 demonstrated autophagy as a major contributor to Nic-mediated cell death. Mechanistically, Nic inhibited the interaction between BCL2 and Beclin-1 that supported the crosstalk of autophagy and apoptosis. Further, Nic treatment resulted in Gsk3β inactivation by phosphorylating its Ser-9 residue leading to upregulation of Sufu and Gli3, thereby negatively impacting hedgehog signaling and cell survival. Nic induced autophagic cell death, and p-Gsk3b mediated Sufu/Gli3 cascade was further confirmed by Gsk3β activator, LY-294002, by rescuing inactivation of Hh signaling upon Nic treatment. These results suggested the involvement of a non-canonical mechanism of Hh signaling, where p-Gsk3β acts as a negative regulator of Hh/Gli1 cascade and a positive regulator of autophagy-mediated cell death. Overall, this study established the therapeutic efficacy of Nic for PC by targeting p-Gsk3β mediated non-canonical Hh signaling and promoting mTORC1-dependent autophagy and cell death
Synergistic Effects of Physical and Chemical Guidance Cues on Neurite Alignment and Outgrowth on Biodegradable Polymer Substrates
In vitro phosphorylation as tool for modification of silk and keratin fibrous materials
An overview is given of the recent work on in vitro enzymatic phosphorylation of silk fibroin and human hair keratin. Opposing to many chemical "conventional" approaches, enzymatic phosphorylation is in fact a mild reaction and the treatment falls within "green chemistry" approach. Silk and keratin are not phosphorylated in vivo, but in vitro. This enzyme-driven modification is a major technological breakthrough. Harsh chemical chemicals are avoided, and mild conditions make enzymatic phosphorylation a real "green chemistry" approach. The current communication presents a novel approach stating that enzyme phosphorylation may be used as a tool to modify the surface charge of biocompatible materials such as keratin and silk
Morphological Transformations in the Magnetite Biomineralizing Protein Mms6 in Iron Solutions: A Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Study
Magnetotactic bacteria that produce magnetic nanocrystals of uniform size and well-defined morphologies have inspired the use of biomineralization protein Mms6 to promote formation of uniform magnetic nanocrystals in vitro. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies in physiological solutions reveal that Mms6 forms compact globular three-dimensional (3D) micelles (approximately 10 nm in diameter) that are, to a large extent, independent of concentration. In the presence of iron ions in the solutions, the general micellar morphology is preserved, however, with associations among micelles that are induced by iron ions. Compared with Mms6, the m2Mms6 mutant (with the sequence of hydroxyl/carboxyl containing residues in the C-terminal domain shuffled) exhibits subtle morphological changes in the presence of iron ions in solutions. The analysis of the SAXS data is consistent with a hierarchical core–corona micellar structure similar to that found in amphiphilic polymers. The addition of ferric and ferrous iron ions to the protein solution induces morphological changes in the micellar structure by transforming the 3D micelles into objects of reduced dimensionality of 2, with fractal-like characteristics (including Gaussian-chain-like) or, alternatively, platelet-like structures
Multiparameter Telemetry as a Sensitive Screening Method to Detect Vaccine Reactogenicity in Mice
Refined vaccines and adjuvants are urgently needed to advance immunization against global infectious challenges such as HIV, hepatitis C, tuberculosis and malaria. Large-scale screening efforts are ongoing to identify adjuvants with improved efficacy profiles. Reactogenicity often represents a major hurdle to the clinical use of new substances. Yet, irrespective of its importance, this parameter has remained difficult to screen for, owing to a lack of sensitive small animal models with a capacity for high throughput testing. Here we report that continuous telemetric measurements of heart rate, heart rate variability, body core temperature and locomotor activity in laboratory mice readily unmasked systemic side-effects of vaccination, which went undetected by conventional observational assessment and clinical scoring. Even minor aberrations in homeostasis were readily detected, ranging from sympathetic activation over transient pyrogenic effects to reduced physical activity and apathy. Results in real-time combined with the potential of scalability and partial automation in the industrial context suggest multiparameter telemetry in laboratory mice as a first-line screen for vaccine reactogenicity. This may accelerate vaccine discovery in general and may further the success of vaccines in combating infectious disease and cancer
Biomimetic self-assembling copolymer-hydroxyapatite nanocomposites with the nanocrystal size controlled by citrate
Citrate binds strongly to the surface of calcium phosphate (apatite) nanocrystals in bone and is thought to prevent crystal thickening. In this work, citrate added as a regulatory element enabled molecular control of the size and stability of hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanocrystals in synthetic nanocomposites, fabricated with self-assembling block copolymer templates. The decrease of the HAp crystal size within the polymer matrix with increasing citrate concentration was documented by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), while the shapes of HAp nanocrystals were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Advanced NMR techniques were used to characterize the interfacial species and reveal enhanced interactions between mineral and organic matrix, concomitant with the size effects. The surface-to-volume ratios determined by NMR spectroscopy and long-range 31P{1H} dipolar dephasing show that 2, 10, and 40 mM citrate changes the thicknesses of the HAp crystals from 4 nm without citrate to 2.9, 2.8, and 2.3 nm, respectively. With citrate concentrations comparable to those in body fluids, HAp nanocrystals of sizes and morphologies similar to those in avian and bovine bones have been produced
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