High Energy Emission Processes in OJ 287 during 2009 Flare

The broadband spectrum of a BL Lac object, OJ 287, from radio to $\gamma$-rays obtained during a major $\gamma$-ray flare detected by \emph{Fermi} in 2009 are studied to understand the high energy emission mechanism during this episode. Using a simple one-zone leptonic model, incorporating synchrotron and inverse Compton emission processes, we show that the explanation of high energy emission from X-rays to $\gamma$-rays, by considering a single emission mechanism, namely, synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) or external Compton (EC) requires unlikely physical conditions. However, a combination of both SSC and EC mechanisms can reproduce the observed high energy spectrum satisfactorily. Using these emission mechanisms we extract the physical parameters governing the source and its environment. Our study suggests that the emission region of OJ 287 is surrounded by a warm infrared (IR) emitting region of $\sim 250 \, K$. Assuming this region as a spherical cloud illuminated by an accretion disk, we obtain the location of the emission region to be $\sim 9 pc$. This supports the claim that the $\gamma$-ray emission from OJ 287 during the 2009 flare arises from a location far away from the central engine as deduced from millimeter-gamma ray correlation study and very long baseline array images.Comment: 22 pages, 7 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in MNRA

Brightest Fermi-LAT Flares of PKS 1222+216: Implications on Emission and Acceleration Processes

We present a high time resolution study of the two brightest $\gamma$-ray outbursts from a blazar PKS 1222+216 observed by the \textit{Fermi} Large Area Telescope (LAT) in 2010. The $\gamma$-ray light-curves obtained in four different energy bands: 0.1--3, 0.1--0.3, 0.3--1 and 1--3 GeV, with time bin of 6 hr, show asymmetric profiles with a similar rise time in all the bands but a rapid decline during the April flare and a gradual one during the June. The light-curves during the April flare show $\sim 2$ days long plateau in 0.1--0.3 GeV emission, erratic variations in 0.3--1 GeV emission, and a daily recurring feature in 1--3 GeV emission until the rapid rise and decline within a day. The June flare shows a monotonic rise until the peak, followed by a gradual decline powered mainly by the multi-peak 0.1--0.3 GeV emission. The peak fluxes during both the flares are similar except in the 1--3 GeV band in April which is twice the corresponding flux during the June flare. Hardness ratios during the April flare indicate spectral hardening in the rising phase followed by softening during the decay. We attribute this behavior to the development of a shock associated with an increase in acceleration efficiency followed by its decay leading to spectral softening. The June flare suggests hardening during the rise followed by a complicated energy dependent behavior during the decay. Observed features during the June flare favor multiple emission regions while the overall flaring episode can be related to jet dynamics.Comment: 17 pages, 9 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in Ap

Low temperature study of field induced antiferro-ferromagnetic transition in Pd doped FeRh

The first order antiferromagnetic (AFM) to ferromagnetic (FM) transition in the functional material Fe49(Rh0.93Pd0.07)51 has been studied at low temperatures and high magnetic fields. We have addressed the non-monotonic variation of lower critical field required for FM to AFM transition. It is shown that critically slow dynamics of the transition dominates below 50 K. At low temperature and high magnetic field, state of the system depends on the measurement history resulting in tunable coexistence of AFM and FM phases. By following cooling and heating in unequal magnetic field (CHUF) protocol it is shown that equilibrium state at 6 Tesla magnetic field is AFM state. Glass like FM state at 6 T (obtained after cooling in 8 T) shows reentrant transition with increasing temperature; viz. devitrification to AFM state followed by melting to FM state.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figure

Multi-wavelength Temporal Variability of the Blazar 3C 454.3 during 2014 Activity Phase

We present a multi-wavelength temporal analysis of the blazar 3C 454.3 during the high $\gamma$-ray active period from May-December, 2014. Except for X-rays, the period is well sampled at near-infrared (NIR)-optical by the \emph{SMARTS} facility and the source is detected continuously on daily timescale in the \emph{Fermi}-LAT $\gamma$-ray band. The source exhibits diverse levels of variability with many flaring/active states in the continuously sampled $\gamma$-ray light curve which are also reflected in the NIR-optical light curves and the sparsely sampled X-ray light curve by the \emph{Swift}-XRT. Multi-band correlation analysis of this continuous segment during different activity periods shows a change of state from no lags between IR and $\gamma$-ray, optical and $\gamma$-ray, and IR and optical to a state where $\gamma$-ray lags the IR/optical by $\sim$3 days. The results are consistent with the previous studies of the same during various $\gamma$-ray flaring and active episodes of the source. This consistency, in turn, suggests an extended localized emission region with almost similar conditions during various $\gamma$-ray activity states. On the other hand, the delay of $\gamma$-ray with respect to IR/optical and a trend similar to IR/optical in X-rays along with strong broadband correlations favor magnetic field related origin with X-ray and $\gamma$-ray being inverse Comptonized of IR/optical photons and external radiation field, respectively.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, MNRAS accepte

Real Space Visualization of Thermomagnetic Irreversibility within Supercooling and Superheating Spinodals in Mn1.85Co0.15SbMn_{1.85}Co_{0.15}Sb using Scanning Hall Probe Microscopy

Phase coexistence across disorder-broadened and magnetic-field-induced first order antiferromagnetic to ferrimagnetic transition in polycrystalline $Mn_{1.85}Co_{0.15}Sb$ has been studied mesoscopically by Scanning Hall Probe Microscope at 120K and up to 5 Tesla magnetic fields. We have observed hysteresis with varying magnetic field and the evolution of coexisting antiferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic state on mesoscopic length scale. These studies show that the magnetic state of the system at low field depends on the path followed to reach 120 K. The low field magnetic states are mesoscopically different for virgin and second field increasing cycle when 120 K is reached by warming from 5K, but are the same within measurement accuracy when the measuring temperature of 120K is reached from 300K by cooling

Measurement of the topological surface state optical conductance in bulk-insulating Sn-doped Bi1.1_{1.1}Sb0.9_{0.9}Te2_2S single crystals

Topological surface states have been extensively observed via optics in thin films of topological insulators. However, in typical thick single crystals of these materials, bulk states are dominant and it is difficult for optics to verify the existence of topological surface states definitively. In this work, we studied the charge dynamics of the newly formulated bulk-insulating Sn-doped Bi$_{1.1}$Sb$_{0.9}$Te$_2$S crystal by using time-domain terahertz spectroscopy. This compound shows much better insulating behavior than any other bulk-insulating topological insulators reported previously. The transmission can be enhanced an amount which is 5$\%$ of the zero-field transmission by applying magnetic field to 7 T, an effect which we believe is due to the suppression of topological surface states. This suppression is essentially independent of the thicknesses of the samples, showing the two-dimensional nature of the transport. The suppression of surface states in field allows us to use the crystal slab itself as a reference sample to extract the surface conductance, mobility, charge density and scattering rate. Our measurements set the stage for the investigation of phenomena out of the semi-classical regime, such as the topological magneto-electric effect.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, submitted in Augus

AES: Clinical Presentation and Dilemmas in Critical Care Management

Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) is an epidemiological term used for surveillance of encephalitis. Worldwide, reported incidences of encephalitis range from 6.3 to 7.4 per 100,000 for all ages (adults and children) and approximately 10.5-13.8 per 100,000 children. The most common cause of AES is viral but definitive diagnosis remains elusive in most cases.Gorakhpur and adjoining areas have been witnessing seasonal outbreaks since 1978. Over the past few years, the clinical pattern of the epidemics has changed with patients having multisystem involvement rather than isolated neurological involvement. The percentage of Japanese encephalitis positive cases have also declined and few studies have identified Enteroviruses as a possible cause, but the exact aetiology still remains undetermined. The changing clinical presentations have also posed a challenge towards the optimal management of patients of encephalitis. The management of AES does not end with acute illness, but prolonged neurological deficits are common, needing not only medical but educational and vocational support, and physiotherapy as well. Evidence based guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of these cases is required