Characterization of Drip Emitters and Computing Distribution Uniformity in a Drip Irrigation System at Low Pressure Under Uniform Land Slopes

Characteristics of emitters under low pressure are essential for designing drip irrigation systems. Low pressure data for drip emitters are not available from manufacturers. A laboratory test was conducted to evaluate the performance of five types of newly manufactured drip tapes, especially under a low pressure distribution system. The five drip products that were tested were (i) Toro Drip in PC (PCS 1810-18- 100), (ii) T-Tape (TT15-1245-0100), (iii) Mister_LS (MLD-HDT100), (iv) Mister_PS (MLD-1PC 25), and (v) Netafim (Techline CV 560 050). Drip tapes tested in this study have design discharge rates of 4.00 L/hr @ 206.84 Kpa (1.06 gph @ 30 psi), 1.02 L/hr @ 55.16 Kpa (0.27 gph @ 8 psi), 3.785 L/hr @ 172.37 Kpa (1.00 gph @ 25 psi), 3.785 L/hr @172.37 Kpa (1.00 gph @ 25 psi), and 0.984 L/hr @ 206.84 Kpa (0.26 gph @ 20psi), respectively. All of them, except T-Tape, were pressure compensating (PC) emitters; the T-Tape was non-pressure compensating (NPC). For all products, except Toro, the emitter spacing was 0.305 m (12 inches) and for Toro, it was 0.46 m (18 inches). Mister_PS (MLD-1PC 25) was the point source (PS) emitter and all others were line source emitters. Drip products were tested with 15 different operating pressures ranging from 5.97 KPa (0.87 psi) to 344.74 KPa (50.00 psi). From an evaluation of 60 emitters from each product, the Toro brand showed an average uniformity coefficient (UC) of 91.24 %, with a coefficient of variation (Cv) of 0.06, T-Tape drip products showed an average UC of 96.63 % with a Cv of 0.04, Mister_ LS showed an average UC of 93.12 % with a Cv of 0.08, Mister_PS showed an average UC of 96.33 % with a Cv of 0.04, and Netafim showed an average UC of 97.92 % with a Cv of 0.02. Flow rate vs. pressure head (Q-H) curves were also developed for each drip emitter tested. From emitter exponent values it was observed that all of the pressure compensating (PC) products behaved like NPC emitters at low pressures, although they behaved like PC emitters under normal operating pressures. From statistical analysis, it was determined that except for Netafim product, all other tested products were effective under low operating pressures as were under high operating or recommended pressures. Netafim product had no emission under low pressures. Using the measured average emission rate and developed Q-H curves, the distribution uniformities of all products except Netafim were calculated under low pressure ranges of 5.97 KPa (0.87 psi) to 23.88 KPa (3.50 psi ) for different lengths of laterals and under 0%, 1%, 2

Muoni nastali u pljuskovima proizvedenim gama zračenjem Geminga pulsara

The derivation of integral energy spectrum of muons produced by the interactions in gamma-ray showers induced by energetic photons from the Geminga pulsar has been made. The conventional analytical procedure of Drees et al. has been adopted for muon-number calculations from photoproduced air showers. The FNAL data on πp → π± X inclusive reactions, and the HERA ep collider results have been used for the evaluation of the hadronic energy moments and the photonuclear cross-sections, respectively. The integral number of muons was derived for Zππ = 0.499,σγN = 0.119 mb and σπA = 198 mb. It exhibits a drastic decrease with energy.Izveden je integralni energijski spektar muona nastalih u pljuskovima izazvanim fotonima visoke energije sa Geminga pulsara. Primijenjena je uobičajena analitička metoda Dreesa i sur. za računanje broja muona. Podaci iz Fermijevog laboratorija za πp → π±X inkluzivne reakcije i podaci iz HERA za ep reakcije primijenjeni su za računanje hadronskih energijskih momenata odn. fotonuklearnih udarnih presjeka. Izvedeni integralni broj muona pokazuje snažan pad s njihovom energijom

Muoni nastali u pljuskovima proizvedenim gama zračenjem Geminga pulsara

The derivation of integral energy spectrum of muons produced by the interactions in gamma-ray showers induced by energetic photons from the Geminga pulsar has been made. The conventional analytical procedure of Drees et al. has been adopted for muon-number calculations from photoproduced air showers. The FNAL data on πp → π± X inclusive reactions, and the HERA ep collider results have been used for the evaluation of the hadronic energy moments and the photonuclear cross-sections, respectively. The integral number of muons was derived for Zππ = 0.499,σγN = 0.119 mb and σπA = 198 mb. It exhibits a drastic decrease with energy.Izveden je integralni energijski spektar muona nastalih u pljuskovima izazvanim fotonima visoke energije sa Geminga pulsara. Primijenjena je uobičajena analitička metoda Dreesa i sur. za računanje broja muona. Podaci iz Fermijevog laboratorija za πp → π±X inkluzivne reakcije i podaci iz HERA za ep reakcije primijenjeni su za računanje hadronskih energijskih momenata odn. fotonuklearnih udarnih presjeka. Izvedeni integralni broj muona pokazuje snažan pad s njihovom energijom

Ocjena raspodjela duljina puteva primarnih Be pri izvoru primjenom modela stacionarnog stanja u propusnoj kutiji

Using the steady–state leaky–box model for cosmic ray propagation in interstellar matter, along with the Alice Springs balloon flight data for sub Fe–Fe group, the escape length has been estimated and found to be 1.48 g/cm2 . The result is in fair agreement with the global fit to the escape length distribution surveyed by Ormes and Frier at the energy 100 GeV/n, which is comparable with our estimated source energy 86 GeV/n based on observed average energy and other propagational parameters.Primijenjen je model stacionarnog stanja u propusnoj kutiji za širenje kozmičkog zračenja u međuzvjezdanom prostoru, te je s podacima dobivenim s emulzijama koje su bile izložene pri letu balonom u Alice Springsu, za podgrupu Fe–Fe određena duljina bijega od 1.48 g/cm2 . Taj je rezultat u skladu s općom prilagodbom raspodjele duljina bijega prema pregledu Ormesa i Friera na energijama 100 GeV/n. Njihova je energija usporediva s našom ocjenom izvorne energije od 86 GeV/n, zasnovane na prosjeku opaženih energija i drugim parametrima za širenje kozmičkog zračenja

Ocjena raspodjela duljina puteva primarnih Be pri izvoru primjenom modela stacionarnog stanja u propusnoj kutiji

Using the steady–state leaky–box model for cosmic ray propagation in interstellar matter, along with the Alice Springs balloon flight data for sub Fe–Fe group, the escape length has been estimated and found to be 1.48 g/cm2 . The result is in fair agreement with the global fit to the escape length distribution surveyed by Ormes and Frier at the energy 100 GeV/n, which is comparable with our estimated source energy 86 GeV/n based on observed average energy and other propagational parameters.Primijenjen je model stacionarnog stanja u propusnoj kutiji za širenje kozmičkog zračenja u međuzvjezdanom prostoru, te je s podacima dobivenim s emulzijama koje su bile izložene pri letu balonom u Alice Springsu, za podgrupu Fe–Fe određena duljina bijega od 1.48 g/cm2 . Taj je rezultat u skladu s općom prilagodbom raspodjele duljina bijega prema pregledu Ormesa i Friera na energijama 100 GeV/n. Njihova je energija usporediva s našom ocjenom izvorne energije od 86 GeV/n, zasnovane na prosjeku opaženih energija i drugim parametrima za širenje kozmičkog zračenja

Fibroepithelioma of pinkus in a 9-year-old boy: a case report

Fibroepithelioma of Pinkus (FEP) is a rare indolent variety of basal cell carcinoma that is typically polypoid and located on the trunk of adult males aged 40–60 years. Basal cell carcinoma (including FEP) is very rare in the pediatric population. We are reporting such a case occurring in a 9-year-old boy

Paraganglioma-like dermal melanocytic tumor: a case report

Paraganglioma-like dermal melanocytic tumor is a rare subtype of benign dermal melanocytic tumors. Its histopathologic features resemble those of paraganglioma, but the immunostaining characteristics are those of melanocytic lesions

CR–39(DOP) kao detektor relativističkih iona 238U

CR-39(DOP) stack was exposed to 927 MeV/n 238 92 U beam from the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) accelerator BEVALAC at an angle of 30o to the detector surface. The chemically processed sheets were investigated using a Leitz Ortholux optical microscope. 644 etch pit cone lengths were measured and the track etch rate has been found to be (174 ± 11) µm/h. The present result is in accord with the data of Heyna et al. The estimated charge sensitivity has been found to follow the extrapolated results of Salamon et al. The present survey on the etch rate ratio has been found to increase faster than exponentially with Z/β and follows the relation VT /VG = exp[A + B(Z/β − 60) + C(Z/β − 60)2 ] where A = 1.623 ± 0.064, B = −0.0444± 0.0015 and C = 0.000506 ± 0.000064 for 27.6 ≤ Z/β ≤ 106.4.Slog CR–39(DOP) listova bio je izložen snopu iona 238 92 U energije 927 MeV/nukleon u akceleratoru BEVALAC, u Lawrence Berkeley laboratoriju, pod kutom od 30◦ prema površini tih detektorskih listova. Listovi su kemijski obradeni i ispitani pomoću optičkog mikroskopa Leitz Ortholux. Premjereno je 644 koničnih rupica nastalih prolaskom iona, i određena je brzina jetkanja oko tragova iona od (174±11) µm/h. Ovi su rezultati u skladu s rezultatima Heina i suradnika. Ocjenjena nabojna osjetljivost je u skladu s ekstrapoliranim rezultatima Salamonova i suradnika. Utvrđeno je da brzina jetkanja raste brže nego eksponencijalno o Z/β, i može se opisati relacijom VT /VG = exp(A + B(Z/β − 60) + C(Z/β − 60)2 ), gdje je A = 1.623 ± 0.064, B = −0.0444 ± 0.0015 i C = 0.000506 ± 0.000064, za 27.6 ≤ Z/β ≤ 106.4

CR–39(DOP) kao detektor relativističkih iona 238U

CR-39(DOP) stack was exposed to 927 MeV/n 238 92 U beam from the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) accelerator BEVALAC at an angle of 30o to the detector surface. The chemically processed sheets were investigated using a Leitz Ortholux optical microscope. 644 etch pit cone lengths were measured and the track etch rate has been found to be (174 ± 11) µm/h. The present result is in accord with the data of Heyna et al. The estimated charge sensitivity has been found to follow the extrapolated results of Salamon et al. The present survey on the etch rate ratio has been found to increase faster than exponentially with Z/β and follows the relation VT /VG = exp[A + B(Z/β − 60) + C(Z/β − 60)2 ] where A = 1.623 ± 0.064, B = −0.0444± 0.0015 and C = 0.000506 ± 0.000064 for 27.6 ≤ Z/β ≤ 106.4.Slog CR–39(DOP) listova bio je izložen snopu iona 238 92 U energije 927 MeV/nukleon u akceleratoru BEVALAC, u Lawrence Berkeley laboratoriju, pod kutom od 30◦ prema površini tih detektorskih listova. Listovi su kemijski obradeni i ispitani pomoću optičkog mikroskopa Leitz Ortholux. Premjereno je 644 koničnih rupica nastalih prolaskom iona, i određena je brzina jetkanja oko tragova iona od (174±11) µm/h. Ovi su rezultati u skladu s rezultatima Heina i suradnika. Ocjenjena nabojna osjetljivost je u skladu s ekstrapoliranim rezultatima Salamonova i suradnika. Utvrđeno je da brzina jetkanja raste brže nego eksponencijalno o Z/β, i može se opisati relacijom VT /VG = exp(A + B(Z/β − 60) + C(Z/β − 60)2 ), gdje je A = 1.623 ± 0.064, B = −0.0444 ± 0.0015 i C = 0.000506 ± 0.000064, za 27.6 ≤ Z/β ≤ 106.4