A Historiometric Examination of Machiavellianism and a New Taxonomy of Leadership

Although researchers have extensively examined the relationship between charismatic leadership and Machiavellianism (Deluga, 2001; Gardner & Avolio, 1995; House & Howell, 1992), there has been a lack of investigation of Machiavellianism in relation to alternative forms of outstanding leadership. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship between Machiavellianism and a new taxonomy of outstanding leadership comprised of charismatic, ideological, and pragmatic leaders. Using an historiometric approach, raters assessed Machiavellianism via the communications of 120 outstanding leaders in organizations across the domains of business, political, military, and religious institutions. Academic biographies were used to assess twelve general performance measures as well as twelve general controls and five communication specific controls. The results indicated that differing levels of Machiavellianism is evidenced across the differing leader types as well as differing leader orientation. Additionally, Machiavellianism appears negatively related to performance, though less so when type and orientation are taken into account.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline

Summary of the NC-140 apple physiology trial: The relationship between ‘Golden Delicious’ fruit weight and crop density at 10 locations as influenced by three dwarfing rootstocks

An experiment designed specifically to evaluate the influence of rootstock on average fruit weight of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple [Malus x sylvestris (L.) var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf] was established at 12 locations in North America. Trees on three dwarfing rootstocks (G.16, M.26 EMLA and M.9 NAKBT337) were allowed to fruit for the first time in the third growing season. Over a 5-year period whenever initial fruit set was adequate, trees were hand-thinned to one of five crop densities (CD) ranging from 2 to 14 fruit per cm2 of trunk cross-sectional area (TCA). Yield and number of fruit harvested per tree were used to calculate average fruit weight. Analysis of covariance was used to evaluate the effects of rootstock on fruit weight when CD was added to the linear model as a covariate. The interaction for site, rootstock, year, and crop density was significant, so data were analyzed by site. At 8 of the 12 sites, CD interacted with year and/or rootstock, so an unequal slopes model was fitted to those data. Where the CD x rootstock interaction was significant, least squares means for fruit weight were estimated at three levels of CD for each rootstock within each year and slopes for each rootstock were compared. In general, the slopes were most negative for trees on M.26 EMLA and least negative for trees on M.9 NAKBT337, indicating that fruit weight was most affected by CD for trees on M.26 EMLA. Fruit weight, regardless of CD, was generally lowest for trees on G.16 and highest for trees on M.9 NAKBT337. These results substantiate previous reports that rootstock can influence fruit weight, independent of CD, and that trees on M.9 NAKBT337 produce relatively large fruit

Performance of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple on 23 rootstocks at 12 locations: A five year summary of the 2003 NC-140 dwarf rootstock trial

In 2003, an orchard trial of apple [Malus × sylvestris (L.) var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] dwarf rootstocks was established at 12 locations in Canada, Mexico, and the United States using ‘Golden Delicious’ as the scion cultivar. A core group of 11 rootstocks was planted at all locations. The four rootstocks included as industry standards were Malling 26 EMLA (M.26 EMLA), Budagovski 9 (B.9), M.9 Pajam2, and M.9 NAKBT337. The other seven rootstocks included selections from Russia (B), Cornell-Geneva (CG and G), Czech Republic (J-TE), and Germany (Pi Au); these included B.62396, CG.3041 [Geneva® 41], CG.5935 [Geneva®935], G.16, J-TE-H, and Pi Au56-83, and Pi Au51-4. Some locations also received two additional CG rootstocks, seven Japanese (JM) rootstocks, J-TE-G, or two Pi Au rootstocks. After five years, trees on J-TE-G were similar in size to B.9; trees on B.62396 and CG.3041 were similar in size to M.9 NAKBT337; trees on CG.5935, G.16, J-TE-H and M.9 Pajam2 were similar in size to M.26; and trees on Pi Au56-83, Pi Au51-4, Pi Au36-2 and JM.2 were larger than M.26 EMLA. For the first time in an NC-140 rootstock trial, several rootstocks have higher yield efficiency than M.26 EMLA and M.9 NAKBT337. Promising new rootstocks with very high yield efficiency included CG.5935, CG.3041, CG.5179 and J-TE-G

The Influence of Crop Density on Annual Trunk Growth of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple Trees on Three Rootstocks at 11 Locations

‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees [Malus x domestica (Borkh.) on three dwarfing rootstocks were grown at 11 locations in North America, and crops were adjusted to varying levels of crop density to determine if rootstock influenced the relationship between crop density and annual trunk growth over a 5-year period. Analysis of covariance was used to evaluate both separate and interactive effects of crop density and rootstock on annual trunk growth. In most cases there was a negative linear relationship between crop density and trunk enlargement. There was rarely a significant interaction between rootstock and crop density, indicating that the suppression of trunk growth by cropping was similar for all rootstocks. Regardless of crop density, trees on M.26 EMLA generally exhibited the most annual trunk enlargement, trees on G.16 exhibited the least trunk enlargement, and trees on M.9 NAKBT337 were intermediate