Energy Efficient QoS Routing Protocol based on Genetic Algorithm in MANET

Abstract- In mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs), providing quality of service is more challenging than wired networks, because of multi hop communication, node connectivity and lack of central co-ordination. Mobile ad-hoc networks need sure distinctive characteristics which might cause difficulties providing QoS in such network. Coming up with of multi constrained QoS routing protocols remains troublesome. As a result of routing protocols must satisfy the numerous QoS metrics at a time. Genetic algorithm based routing protocol will give the solution for multi constrained QoS routing problem. In existing genetic algorithm based routing, achieving energy efficiency is the major drawback. To overcome this drawback, in this paper, we have proposed genetic algorithm based energy efficient QoS routing for MANET. Proposed GA based routing algorithm discovered the shortest path from source to destination, which can consumes less energy compare to existing algorithms. In this paper TCP,CBR and video sources are applied at a time then energy consumption of proposed algorithm is compared with existing normal GA based and AOMDV. Simulation results show that proposed algorithm consumes less energy towards given scenario. Simulations are performed in NS-2

QoS Routing solution based on Genetic Algorithm for MANETs

Qos routing protocol design for mobile ad-hoc networks is more challenging than wire lane network. Mainly due to node mobility, multi hop communications, contention for channel access and lack of central ordination.QoS guarantees are required by the most of the applications. Most optimal route has to be selected from source to destination by using QoS routing protocol. Many routing protocols are designed for single QoS metric. If it requires to design routing protocol for multi constrained routing path, normal algorithms can be failed. In this paper we proposed genetic algorithm based route selection protocol to solve the multi constrained QoS route. Genetic algorithm finds the optimal route with population initialization, cross over, mutation and fitness function calculation. QoS constraints consists of end to end delay, band width, packet loss rate, node connectivity index (Ni) and dynamic resource availability. Simulations have been performed in ns-2. Performance of genetic algorithm is compared with AOMDV and results shows that genetic algorithm is giving efficient results for different metrics (delay, throughput and Delivery ratio)

Study On Strength And Stress Strain Behaviour Of Self Curing Concrete

The concrete dilution process assumes a remarkable role in the construction of solid microstructure and pore structure. The idea of self-comfort is to reduce the water dissipation of the concrete and thus increase the water holding limit of the solid compared to normal cement. An unwise restoration can reduce the quality of the cement without too much stretching. It was found that the water soluble polymers used as additives in solid effects, the dilution quality characteristics of hard cement take a prominent role in the construction of a compact solid structure and thus improve its rigidity and workmanship. The quality of compression does not decrease with the use of SAP in self-healing concretes. The excision flexibility with SAP is not reduced in self-curing concrete. SAP can be used up to 0.6% of the bond weight without changing the different quality of the cement

Application of Firefly Algorithm for Combined Economic Load and Emission Dispatch

This paper presents an application of Firefly algorithm for multi-objective optimization problem in power system. By economic load scheduling the generations of different plants can be determined such that the total operating cost is minimum. Considering the environmental impacts that grow from the emissions produced by fossil fuelled power plant, the economic dispatch that minimizes only the total fuel cost can no longer be considered as single objective. Application of Firefly algorithm in this paper is based on mathematical modelling to solve combined economic and emissions dispatch problems by a single equivalent objective function. Firefly algorithm has been applied to two realistic systems at different load conditions. Results obtained with proposed method are compared with other techniques presented in literature. Firefly algorithm is easy to implement and much superior to other algorithms in terms of accuracy and efficiency

Comparison of AES and DES Algorithms Implemented on Virtex-6 FPGA and Microblaze Soft Core Processor

Encryption algorithms play a dominant role in preventing unauthorized access to important data. This paper focus on the implementations of Data Encryption Standard (DES) and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithms on Microblaze soft core Processor and also their implementations on XC6VLX240t FPGA using Verilog Hardware Description language. This paper also gives a comparison of the issues related to the hardware and software implementations of the two cryptographic algorithms

Annotation and BAC/PAC localization of nonredundant ESTs from drought-stressed seedlings of anindica rice

To decipher the genes associated with drought stress response and to identify novel genes in rice, we utilized 1540 high-quality expressed sequence tags (ESTs) for functional annotation and mapping to rice genomic sequences. These ESTs were generated earlier by 3'-end single-pass sequencing of 2000 cDNA clones from normalized cDNA libraries constructed from drought-stressed seedlings of anindica rice. A rice UniGene set of 1025 transcripts was constructed from this collection through the BLASTN algorithm. Putative functions of 559 nonredundant ESTs were identified by BLAST similarity search against public databases. Putative functions were assigned at a stringency E value of 10-6 in BLASTN and BLASTX algorithms. To understand the gene structure and function further, we have utilized the publicly available finished and unfinished rice BAC/PAC (BAC, bacterial artificial chromosome; PAC, P1 artificial chromosome) sequences for similarity search using the BLASTN algorithm. Further, 603 nonredundant ESTs have been mapped to BAC/PAC clones. BAC clones were assigned by a homology of above 95% identity along 90% of EST sequence length in the aligned region. In all, 700 ESTs showed rice EST hits in GenBank. Of the 325 novel ESTs, 128 were localized to BAC clones. In addition, 127 ESTs with identified putative functions but with no homology in IRGSP (International Rice Genome Sequencing Program) BAC/PAC sequences were mapped to the Chinese WGS (whole genome shotgun contigs) draft sequence of the rice genome. Functional annotation uncovered about a hundred candidate ESTs associated with abiotic stress in rice andArabidopsis that were previously reported based on microarray analysis and other studies. This study is a major effort in identifying genes associated with drought stress response and will serve as a resource to rice geneticists and molecular biologists

Performance of no-till maize under drip-fertigation in a double cropping system in semi arid Telangana state of India

Availability of water for Agriculture is becoming increasingly difficult, besides the cost of power for applying it. Improving the water and nitrogen use efficiency has become imperative in present day’s Agriculture. Drip irrigation and fertigation provides the efficient use of limited water with increased water and nutrient use efficiency, respec- tively. A field experiment was conducted during post rainy season of two consecutive years (2011 and 2012), in sandy loam soils of Warangal, Telangana State, India to study the response of no-till maize (Zea mays L) after aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L) to drip irrigation and nitrogen fertigation under semi-arid environment. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with four replications. Three irrigation schedules viz. drip irrigation at 75% Pan Evaporation (PE); 100% PE and 125% PE were taken as main plots and three nitrogen levels through fertigation viz. 120, 160, and 200 kg ha-1 as sub plots. The growth parameters (plant height, LAI, drymatter accumulation), root volume and dry weight, yield attributes (cobs plant-1, kernels cob-1, kernel weight cob-1) kernel yield, stover yield and nitrogen uptake of no till maize increased with increase in water input from 75% PE to 100% PE irrigation schedule in drip irrigation but could not reach the level of significance at 125% PE. Tasseling and silking was hastened in 125% PE schedule. Increase in the level of N application through fertigation from 120 to 160 kg N ha-1 resulted in the increase of all the growth parameters, yield attributes, kernel yield, stover yield and nitrogen uptake. Barrenness and test weight were unaffected by either the irrigation schedules or nitrogen levels. The economic indicators (gross returns, net returns and net benefit: cost ratio) were higher with the irrigation schedule of 125% PE and nitrogen dose of 200 kg N ha-1 applied through fertigation. Increased water input from 75 to 125% PE resulted in decreased water use efficiency but enhanced nitrogen use efficiency while the reverse trend was found with respect to N levels under fertigation

Limonene and BEZ 235 induce apoptosis in COLO-320 and HCT-116 colon cancer cells

Deregulated apoptosis is the hall mark of many cancers, therefore every defect in apoptosis pathway could be a potential target for cancer treatment.The anticancer mechanism of limonene could be multifactorial. However, induction of apoptosis in cancer cells is proposed as the predominant mechanism in several of preclinical studies. Therefore, we determined to investigate the role of apoptosis in the anticancer activity of limonene and BEZ235 combination in COLO-320 and HCT-116 colon cancer cells. Cells after treatments were assessed for apoptosis by DAPI staining for fluorescent microscopic examination of apoptotic cells, estimation of caspases activities, Bcl-2 family proteins in addition to cell cycle analysis by flowcytometry. Results show that both drugs induced apoptosis as demonstrated by increased caspases activity, significant alterations in pro and anti-apoptotic proteins of Bcl-2 family in promoting apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G1 phase. Over all, it is indicated that limonene and BEZ exerted anticancer activity is mediated through induction of apoptosis involving mitochondria mediated intrinsic death pathway in the selected CRC cells