Wounds and skin and soft tissue infections in people who inject drugs and the utility of syringe service programs in their management

Opioid use disorder and transition to injection drug use (IDU) is an urgent, nationwide public health crisis. Wounds and skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are common complications of IDU that disproportionately affect people who inject drugs (PWID) and are a major source of morbidity and mortality for this population. Injections in a non-sterile environment and re-using or sharing needles facilitates bacterial inoculation, with subsequent risk of serious complications such as sepsis, gangrene, amputation, and death. PWID are susceptible to infections with a wide spectrum of organisms beyond common culprits of SSTI, including Clostridium and Bacillus spp, as well as Candida. Recent Advances: Syringe services programs (SSPs) are cost-effective and successful in reducing harms associated with IDU. SSPs provide new equipment to PWID and aid in discarding used equipment. SSPs aim to reduce the risks of unhygienic injecting practices, which are associated with transmission of infections and blood-borne pathogens. Concurrently run SSPs and wound care clinics are uniquely positioned to facilitate care to PWID. Providing new, sterile equipment as well as early wound care intervention, can reduce morbidity and mortality as well as healthcare expenditures by reducing the number of SSTI and injection-related wounds that require hospital admission. Establishment of wound care clinics as part of an SSP represents an untapped potential to reduce harm

Role of ethylene in the production of sporophytes from Platycerium coronarium (Koenig) desv. frond and rhizome pieces cultured in Vitro

10.1007/BF00204910Journal of Plant Growth Regulation144183-189JPGR