Higher Risk Perception of HIV than of Chlamydia and HPV among Secondary School Students in Two German Cities

BACKGROUND: Chlamydia and genital human papillomavirus (HPV) are the two most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among teens and young adults in industrialised countries. The majority of adolescents, however, have limited or no knowledge of these infections. Within the context of a cross-sectional survey on awareness and knowledge of sexually transmitted infections, secondary school students attending the 8th grade and above in Bremen and Bremerhaven, two cities in northern Germany, were asked to rate the risk of peers to get infected with HIV, HPV or chlamydia. METHODS: Between October and December 2011, students aged 12–20 years completed an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire at their school. In addition to answering questions on awareness and knowledge of sexually transmitted infections, all students were also asked to rate the risk of peers to get infected with HIV, HPV or chlamydia. Furthermore, those reporting ever having sexual intercourse were asked to rate their own risk of getting infected with each of the three infections. RESULTS: 1,148 students, 55% female, completed the questionnaire. 27% of the students reported having had sexual intercourse. 68% of all students rated the risk of same-aged students to get infected with HIV/AIDS as high/medium. The corresponding proportions for HPV and chlamydia were 19 and 25% respectively. Those reporting ever having sexual intercourse generally perceived their own risk of getting infected with HIV, chlamydia or HPV as lower than that of their peers. CONCLUSION: Generally, the risk of getting infected with HIV was perceived as being higher than that of getting infected with HPV or chlamydia, most likely due to the fact that the students were more aware of HIV than of the other two infections. Efforts should be made to improve awareness and knowledge of HPV and chlamydia among school going adolescents, and to make them realize that these are common infections that are preventable

Results of bivariate analyses for own risk perception among those reporting having had sexual intercourse (fisher's exact test).

*<p>DK = Don't know.</p>**<p>p- value - fisher exact test.</p>#<p>statistically significant p-values.</p

Wie wirksam sind ernährungs- und bewegungsbezogene primärpräventive Interventionen im Setting Kita? Ein Review von Reviews

HINTERGRUND: Ungünstige Ernährungs- und Bewegungsgewohnheiten bilden sich oft bereits in der Kindheit aus und führen zu Übergewicht und Adipositas. FRAGESTELLUNG: Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, einen Überblick über die Wirksamkeit ernährungs- und bewegungsbezogener Interventionen hinsichtlich Gewicht und Gesundheitsverhalten im Setting Kita zu geben. METHODEN: Eine systematische Literaturrecherche zu zwischen 2007 und 2014 publizierten Übersichtsarbeiten wurde in PubMed, Cochrane Library und Campbell Collaboration durchgeführt. Zehn systematische Reviews und 3 Metaanalysen mit 22 kitabasierten Interventionen wurden eingeschlossen. Die Interventionen stammten aus Nordamerika (N = 14), Europa (N = 5), Asien (N = 2) und Australien (N = 1). Die Hälfte der Interventionen richtete sich an ethnische Minoritäten oder Kinder aus sozioökonomisch benachteiligten Familien. Angaben zu Effekten auf anthropometrische Maße (z. B. Body-Mass-Index), das Ernährungs- und Bewegungsverhalten sowie Merkmale effektiver Programme wurden extrahiert und narrativ zusammengefasst. ERGEBNISSE: Es konnte keine gesicherte Evidenz zu Effekten der Interventionen auf anthropometrische Maße festgestellt werden. Dagegen zeigten sich in 7 von 9 Studien positive Effekte in ernährungsbezogenen Outcomes (z. B. Obst-/Gemüsekonsum). Bezüglich des Bewegungsverhaltens ergaben sich nur vereinzelt positive Effekte. Merkmale, die mit einer erhöhten Wirksamkeit in Verbindung gebracht wurden, waren 1) die Vermittlung von Fähigkeiten und Kompetenzen, 2) eine starke Einbeziehung der Eltern und 3) Informationen über den Zusammenhang zwischen Verhalten und Gesundheit für Eltern. DISKUSSION: Insgesamt ergeben sich erste Hinweise auf frühzeitige Verbesserungen im Ernährungs- und Bewegungsverhalten durch Präventionsprogramme in Kitas. Die Evidenz wird allerdings durch eine geringe Studienzahl, methodische Mängel und Inkonsistenzen in der Zielparameter-Erfassung eingeschränkt. Der Nachweis für die Wirksamkeit der Interventionen auf objektive Maße von Übergewicht steht noch aus.BACKGROUND: During their preschool years children establish nutritional and physical activity (PA) habits that may contribute to the development of overweight and obesity. OBJECTIVE: To examine the evidence for effective interventions promoting healthy eating and PA in childcare settings. METHODS: We searched PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Campbell Collaboration for systematic reviews published between 2007 and 2014. Ten systematic reviews and three meta-analyses met the inclusion criteria, including a total of 22 intervention studies. Intervention studies were conducted in North America (N = 14), Europe (N = 5), Asia (N = 2), and Australia (N = 1). Half of these addressed ethnic minority groups or socially disadvantaged children. We extracted information about the effects regarding anthropometric measures, eating habits, and physical activity, as well as the characteristics of effective interventions, and summarized them narratively. RESULTS: Evidence for intervention effects on anthropometric measurements was inconclusive. Seven out of nine studies showed beneficial effects on diet-related outcomes. Only isolated effects were reported on improvements in PA. Reviews indicated that interventions which comprised (1) the development of skills and competencies, (2) medium to high parental involvement, and (3) information on behavior-health links for parents were more effective. CONCLUSION: Preschool-based interventions showed some early improvements in eating habits and PA. Evidence is limited by the small number of studies, a lack of methodological quality, and inconsistencies among outcome measures. Evidence regarding anthropometric measurements is still inconclusive

Comparison of peer and own risk perception rating for HIV/AIDS, HPV and chlamydia infection among students reporting having had sexual intercourse.

*<p>p- value - fisher exact test.</p

Results of multivariable regression analyses for STI risk perception for peers^a.

a<p>ordinal regression models, all scores range from 0 to 2, odds ratios indicate effects per one point difference.</p>*<p>statistically significant odds ratios.</p><p>ref = reference group.</p

Results of bivariate analyses for STI risk perception for peers and various predictor variables.

*<p>DK = Don't know.</p>**<p>p-value Chi-square.</p