Nola elikatuko gara 20 urte barru?

Nivel educativo: Grado. Duración (en horas): Más de 50 horasElikagaien industrian produktu kimikoak erabiltzen hasi zirenetik, merkatuetan punta-puntako produktuak garatu nahi dira, bizi kalitatea hobetzeko eta gaixotasunak prebenitzeko. Gaur egun, elikagaien ekoizpen eta ikerkuntzaren erronka sekulakoa da eta batek daki etorkizunak zer ekarriko duen!. Ideia honen harira ondorengo “Nola elikatuko gara 20 urte barru?” EZT-Graduaren Kimika Orokorreko ikasleentzako materiala prestatu da. Kaiera honetan Kimika Orokorra irakasgaia metodologia aktiboen bitartez (Problemetan Oinarritutako Ikaskuntza, POI) garatu nahi izan da, ikasleek ibilbide profesionalean aurkituko duten errealitateari hurbiltzeko. Hemen, Kimika Orokorra ikaslearen erronka bat bezala adierazi nahi da, eta irakasgaiaren edukiak problemen ebazpenaren bidez landu nahi dira, kimikaren oinarriak duen garrantzia elikagaietan hausnartzeko. Kuadernoa hiru azpiproblemetan antolatuta dago. Azpiproblema hauen bidez galdera eragile berdinari erantzuten saiatzen zaio: Nola elikatuko gara 20 urte barru?. Era berean galdera hau hiru irakurgai ezberdinekin lotzen da ikasleen ulermena lantzeko asmotan: Txokolatea jango dugu kolesterola murrizteko?, 3D inprimagailu batean hautsak nahastuz sukaldatuko dugu? eta nekazal hondakinak jango ditugu?. Azpiproblema bakoitzaren atzean aurkitzen diren edukiak horrela laburtu ahal dira; lehenengoan materia, konposatuen formulazioa/izendatzea, unitateak eta ezaugarriak, bigarrenean mol kontzeptua, erreakzio kimikoak eta kalkulu estekiometrikoak eta amaitzeko hirugarrenean konposatuen egitura mikroskopikoa eta propietate makroskopikoen lotura

¿Cómo nos alimentaremos dentro de 20 años?

Nivel educativo: Grado. Duración (en horas): Más de 50 horasDesde que comenzaron a emplearse los productos químicos en la industria de los alimentos se ha pretendido desarrollar productos punteros en los mercados mundiales con la intención de mejorar la calidad de vida y prevenir enfermedades. Hoy en día la producción e investigación alimentaria es un continuo reto y no sabemos lo que el futuro nos deparará . A la luz de esta idea se ha preparado el material dosente recojido en el Cuaderno de laboratorio para el alumno de primer curso del Grado de CTA que lleva por título “¿Cómo nos alimentaremos dentro de 20 años?” Este cuaderno plantea para la asignatura de Química General una metodologóa activa basada en problemas. En él se pretende presentar a la Química como un reto para el alumno trabajando los contenidos de la asignatura por medio del planteamiento y resolución de problemas reales, convirtiéndole en el responsable de su proceso de aprendizaje. Este cuaderno está pensado para que los alumnos reflexionen sobre la importancia de los fundamentos de la Química en el mundo de los alimentos. Respondiento a la pregunta ¿cómo nos alimentaremos dentro de 20 años? en este cuaderno se plantean 3 problemas que hacen referencia a tres textos: ¿Cocinaremos mezclando polvos en una impresora 3D? ¿Comeremos chocolate para reducr el colesterol? ¿Comeresmos residuos agrícolas? Los conceptos que se trabajarán con estos 3 problemas son: formulación de compuestos químcos, clasificación de la materia y unidades de concentración en el primero; cálculos esteqiométricos básicos en el seguno y relación entre la estructura atómica-molecular con las propiedades macroscópicas en el tercero

Formulation of carbopol®/Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)s mucoadhesive tablets for buccal delivery of hydrocortisone

Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) has become an excellent alternative to the use of poly(ethylene glycol) in pharmaceutical formulations due to its valuable physicochemical and biological properties. This work presents a formulation of poorly-water soluble drug, hydrocortisone, using interpolymer complexes and physical blends of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)s and two Carbopols® (Carbopol 974 and Carbopol 971) for oromucosal administration. The swelling, hydrocortisone release and mucoadhesive properties of a series of tablet formulations obtained by combination of different Carbopols with poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)s of different molecular weights have been evaluated in vitro

The Effect of the Isomeric Chlorine Substitutions on the Honeycomb-Patterned Films of Poly(x-chlorostyrene)s/Polystyrene Blends and Copolymers via Static Breath Figure Technique

Polymeric thin films patterned with honeycomb structures were prepared from poly(x-chlorostyrene) and statistical poly(x-chlorostyrene-co-styrene) copolymers by static breath figure method. Each polymeric sample was synthesized by free radical polymerization and its solution in tetrahydrofuran cast on glass wafers under 90% relative humidity (RH). The effect of the chorine substitution in the topography and conformational entropy was evaluated. The entropy of each sample was calculated by using Voronoi tessellation. The obtained results revealed that these materials could be a suitable toolbox to develop a honeycomb patterns with a wide range of pore sizes for a potential use in contact guidance induced culture.This research was funded by the Government of Basque Country, grant ELKARTEK FRONTIERS KK-2017/0096 and grant Grupos de Investigacion IT718-13

Photocrosslinkable and self-healable hydrogels of chitosan and hyaluronic acid.

Biocompatible and biodegradable hydrogels with biomimetic properties, such as self-repairing, are increasingly interesting for biomedical applications, particularly when they can be printed or in situ formed to mimic extracellular matrix or as personalized implantable devices in tissue regeneration or drug delivery. Photocrosslinkable hydrogels based on methacrylated chitosan (CHIMe) and hyaluronic acid that exhibit according with their composition, tuneable physico-chemical properties are here presented. The study of the conversion, gelation time, mechanical and rheological properties of photopolymerized CHIMe showed an optimal phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP) initiator feed (0.1% w). These photocrosslinkable hydrogels demonstrated being able to promote doubly crosslinked hydrogels with similar Young Moduli regardless the cycles of self-healing processes, and tailored swelling (25-70 swelling factor), mechanical (1*10-4-2*10-2MPa) and rheological properties, as a function of polysaccharides relative content. Clear evidences have been found that fast photopolymerization of CHIMe/HA solutions leads to biocompatible (>80% cell viability), biodegradable (20-24days in hydrolytic medium) and robust self-healable hydrogels suitable for advanced biomedical and tissue engineering applications.The authors acknowledge funding by Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERFD) through the project PID2019-106099RB-C43/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, as well as, from the Basque Government Industry Department under the ELKARTEK program (KK-2021/00040). The authors thank Dra. Cristina Eguizabal for giving them access to the laboratory “Cell Therapy, Stem Cells and Tissue” at the Basque Center of Transfusion and Human at the Galdako hospital. Technical and human support provided by SGIker (UPV/EHU, MICINN, GV/EJ, EGEF and ESF) is gratefully acknowledged

Shape Memory Hydrogels Based on Noncovalent Interactions

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are polymeric materials that are capable of fixing temporary shape and recovering the permanent shape in response to external stimuli. In particular, supramolecular interactions and dynamic covalent bond have recently been introduced as temporary switches to construct supramolecular shape memory hydrogels (SSMHs), arising as promising materials since they can exhibit excellent cycled shape memory behavior at room temperature. On the other hand, hydrogels, conventionally, are flexible but sometimes extremely soft, and they can be easily damaged under external force, which could limit their long-time application. Therefore, self-healing hydrogels that can be rapidly auto-repaired when the damage occurs have been recently developed to solve this problem. These materials present more than one triggering stimulus that can be used to induce the shape memory and self-healing effect. These driven forces can be originated from hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and reversible covalent bonds, among others. Beyond all these, hybrid organic-inorganic interactions represent an interesting possibility due to their versatility and favorable properties that allow the fabrication of multiresponsive hydrogels. In this chapter, shape memory hydrogels based on noncovalent interactions are described

Dynamic and Self-Healable Chitosan/Hyaluronic Acid-Based In Situ-Forming Hydrogels

In situ-forming, biodegradable, and self-healing hydrogels, which maintain their integrity after damage, owing to dynamic interactions, are essential biomaterials for bioapplications, such as tissue engineering and drug delivery. This work aims to develop in situ, biodegradable and self-healable hydrogels based on dynamic covalent bonds between N-succinyl chitosan (S-CHI) and oxidized aldehyde hyaluronic acid (A-HA). A robust effect of the molar ratio of both S-CHI and A-HA was observed on the swelling, mechanical stability, rheological properties and biodegradation kinetics of these hydrogels, being the stoichiometric ratio that which leads to the lowest swelling factor (×12), highest compression modulus (1.1·10−3 MPa), and slowest degradation (9 days). Besides, a rapid (3 s) self-repairing ability was demonstrated in the macro scale as well as by rheology and mechanical tests. Finally, the potential of these biomaterials was evidenced by cytotoxicity essay (>85%).This research was funded by Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERFD) through the project PID2019-106099RB-C43/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, as well as from the Basque Government Industry Department under the ELKARTEK (KK-2021/00040) program

pH-Induced 3D Printable Chitosan Hydrogels for Soft Actuation

Three-dimensional (3D) printing represents a suitable technology for the development of biomimetic scaffolds for biomedical and tissue engineering applications. However, hydrogel-based inks’ printability remains a challenge due to their restricted print accuracy, mechanical properties, swelling or even cytotoxicity. Chitosan is a natural-derived polysaccharide that has arisen as a promising bioink due to its biodegradability, biocompatibility, sustainability and antibacterial properties, among others, as well as its ability to form hydrogels under the influence of a wide variety of mechanisms (thermal, ionic, pH, covalent, etc.). Its poor solubility at physiological pH, which has traditionally restricted its use, represents, on the contrary, the simplest way to induce chitosan gelation. Accordingly, herein a NaOH strong base was employed as gelling media for the direct 3D printing of chitosan structures. The obtained hydrogels were characterized in terms of morphology, chemical interactions, swelling and mechanical and rheological properties in order to evaluate the influence of the gelling solution’s ionic strength on the hydrogel characteristics. Further, the influence of printing parameters, such as extrusion speed (300, 600 and 800 mm/min) and pressure (20–35 kPa) and the cytocompatibility were also analyzed. In addition, printed gels show an electro-induced motion due to their polycationic nature, which highlights their potential as soft actuators and active scaffolds.This research was funded by Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERFD) through the project PID2019-106099RB-C43/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, as well as the Basque Government Industry Department under the ELKARTEK programme (KK-2021/00040 and KK-2021/00082)

Synthesis and Characterization of Covalently Crosslinked pH-Responsive Hyaluronic Acid Nanogels: Effect of Synthesis Parameters

Stable hyaluronic acid nanogels were obtained following the water-in-oil microemulsion method by covalent crosslinking with three biocompatible crosslinking agents: Divinyl sulfone, 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE), and poly(ethylene glycol) bis(amine). All nanoparticles showed a pH-sensitive swelling behavior, according to the pKa value of hyaluronic acid, as a consequence of the ionization of the carboxylic moieties, as it was corroborated by zeta potential measurements. QELS studies were carried out to study the influence of the chemical structure of the crosslinking agents on the particle size of the obtained nanogels. In addition, the effect of the molecular weight of the biopolymer and the degree of crosslinking on the nanogels dimensions was also evaluated for BDDE crosslinked nanoparticles, which showed the highest pH-responsive response.This research was funded by the Government of the Basque Country (Grupos de Investigación, IT718-13, Frontiers, Programas Hazitek 2017–2018)

Polysaccharide-Based In Situ Self-Healing Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications

In situ hydrogels have attracted increasing interest in recent years due to the need to develop effective and practical implantable platforms. Traditional hydrogels require surgical interventions to be implanted and are far from providing personalized medicine applications. However, in situ hydrogels offer a wide variety of advantages, such as a non-invasive nature due to their localized action or the ability to perfectly adapt to the place to be replaced regardless the size, shape or irregularities. In recent years, research has particularly focused on in situ hydrogels based on natural polysaccharides due to their promising properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability and their ability to self-repair. This last property inspired in nature gives them the possibility of maintaining their integrity even after damage, owing to specific physical interactions or dynamic covalent bonds that provide reversible linkages. In this review, the different self-healing mechanisms, as well as the latest research on in situ self-healing hydrogels, is presented, together with the potential applications of these materials in tissue regeneration.This research was funded by the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERFD) through the project PID2019-106099RB-C43/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) through the project MAT2016-76039-C4-3-R (AEI/FEDER, UE) and from the Basque Government Industry and Education Department under the ELKARTEK (KK-2020/00068, KK-2020/00099, KK2019/00039 and KK2019/00101), HAZITEK and PIBA (PIBA-2018-06) programs, respectively