Aprendizaje significativo del alumnado de física aplicada del grado en farmacia: evaluación basada en el empleo de cuestionarios

Objetivos: Se han detectado claras deficiencias en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en las prácticas de la asignatura de “Física Aplicada a Ciencias de la Salud” del primer curso del Grado en Farmacia. Por tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo es desarrollar un sencillo programa de evaluación que permita extraer información inmediata sobre la práctica docente, permitiendo modificar la secuencia de actividades y la metodología. Material y Métodos: Se emplearon idénticos cuestionarios iniciales y finales a la práctica docente que fueron diseñados en base a problemas y/o preguntas clave, trabajadas en clase. Los resultados fueron clasificados en distintos modelos y representados, de acuerdo con su complejidad, en escaleras de aprendizaje. Resultados: La clasificación de los resultados de los cuestionarios inicial y final en modelos de pensamiento mostró una evolución positiva del aprendizaje del alumnado. En concreto, el 57% de los alumnos evolucionó hacia esquemas de pensamientos más complejos en el caso de la práctica del Calor Específico, mientras que un 60% de los alumnos lo hicieron en el caso de la Práctica de Arquímedes. Conclusiones: Profesores y alumnos coinciden en que el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje resulta mucho más completo y atractivo cuando se fomenta la participación del alumno y la reflexión. Un objetivo en un futuro próximo es tratar de repetir esta experiencia en diferentes grupos de alumnos para comparar resultados, analizar con más profundidad las dificultades en la asimilación de conceptos y diseñar nuevas estrategias docentes.Aim: It have been detected clearly deficiencies in the teaching-learning process for the practice subject of “Physics Applied Health Sciences” which is taught in the first course of the Degree in Pharmacy. Therefore, the motivation of this work is the development of a simple evaluation program that permits to gain prompt information about the teaching process which allows the modification of the activities sequence and methodology. Materials and Methods: Identical initial and final questionnaires were employed in the teaching practice based on problems and/or key questions worked in class. The results were classified in different models and represented, according to their complexity, in stairs of learning. Results: The classification of the questionnaires results in model thinking denoted a positive evolution of the student learning. In particular, in the case of the Determination of the Specific Heat around a 57 % of the students evolved into more complex thoughts schemes, while a 60% of the students did the same for the Archimedes practice. Conclusion: Teachers and students concur that the teaching-learning process is much more complete and attractive when student participation and reflection was encouraged. A goal in the near future could be try to repeat this experience with students of different groups to compare results, analyze in depth the difficulties in the assimilation of concepts and the design of new teaching strategies

Measuring nanoparticle-induced resonance energy transfer effect by electrogenerated chemiluminescent reactions

Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) efficiencies, redox potentials, photoluminescent (PL) (quenching and coupling) effects, and AFM images for the [Ru(bpy)3]2+/Au@tiopronin system were determined in aqueous solutions of the gold nanoparticles (NPs) at pH 7.0. The most remarkable finding was that ECL measurements can display the nanoparticle-induced resonance energy transfer (NP-RET) effect. Its effectiveness was quantified through a coefficient, K(NP-RET)ECL, which measures how much an ECL reaction has been enhanced. Moreover, the NP-RET effect was also checked using PL measurements, in such a way that a coefficient, K(NP-RET)PL, was determined; both constants, K(NP-RET)ECL and K(NP-RET)PL being in close agreement. It is important to highlight the fact that the NP-RET effect is only displayed in diluted solutions in which there is no NPs self-aggregation. The existence of the NPs self-aggregation behavior is revealed through AFM measurements.Universidad de Sevilla 2017/00001066-1804031602 and 2018/00000502-1804031703Junta de Andalucía 1804032996/2017-2018/0000081

DNA conformational changes induced by cationic gemini surfactants: the key to switching DNA compact structures into elongated forms

The DNA conformational changes induced by different members of the N,N0-bis(dimethyldodecyl)-a-ualkanediammonium dibromide series (m-s-m, m ¼ 12, s ¼ 3 and 6) and the analogous series of hexadecyl gemini surfactants (m ¼ 16, s ¼ 3 and 6) were investigated in aqueous media by means of circular dichroism (CD), zeta potential, dynamic light scattering (DLS), viscometry, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) methods. The measurements were carried out by varying the gemini surfactant–DNA molar ratio, R ¼ Cm-s-m/CDNA. For the conditions investigated two significantly different conformational changes were observed, the second of them being worth noting. At low molar ratios, all methods concurred by showing that gemini surfactants were able to form ordered aggregates which precedes DNA compaction. The second effect observed, at high molar ratios, corresponds to the transition from the compact state to a new more extended conformation. The degree of decompaction and the morphologies of the visualized structures are different not only depending on the surfactant tail's length, but also on the spacer's length. The results obtained for the 16-3-16/DNA and 16-6-16/DNA systems point out that the compaction/decompaction processes are somewhat different to those previously visualized for the analogous monoquaternary chain surfactant CTAB.Consejería de Educación y Ciencia of the Junta de Andalucía FQM-0362

5th University micro-story contest on Asia

Descripción y desarrollo del proyecto de Innovación Docente 223, consistente en una quinta fase. Se trata de hacer crecer el material didáctico relacionado con Asia en formato audiovisual a través del fomento de la creatividad de los alumnos. La exposición pública de los trabajos y los premios a obtener motiva a trabajar en estos trabajos de prácticas con mayor interés.Description and development of the Teaching Innovation 223 project, consisting of a fifth phase. The aim is to carry out the growth of didactic material related to Asia in audiovisual format through the promotion of students' creativity. The public exhibition of the works and the prizes to be obtained motivates to work on these practical works with greater interest.Depto. de Historia del ArteFac. de Geografía e HistoriaFALSEsubmitte

Recomendaciones para el uso racional de la prueba 25-hidroxi vitamina D Policy Brief

El incremento exponencial en la solicitud de pruebas de laboratorio de 25-Hidroxivitamina D o [25(OH)D ha encendido las alarmas y generado un fuerte llamado de atención, dado que puede reflejar falencias en la estandarización de la práctica clínica y en el uso no sistemático de la evidencia científica para la toma de decisiones en la vida real, que permitan analizar las indicaciones de la prueba, su frecuencia, interpretación e incluso para valorar el impacto para los sistemas de salud, especialmente cuando se contrasta con los mínimos o casi nulos efectos de la estrategia de tamizar o suplir indiscriminadamente a la población general, sin considerar una evaluación clínica integral de riesgos y necesidades de las personas. Desde un punto de vista meramente de impacto en salud pública, la consecuencia de solicitudes masivas y no indicadas, están afectando a la mayoría de los sistemas e instituciones de salud a nivel global. Los estudios primarios que determinaban valores de ingesta promedio poblacional, han sido ampliamente utilizados en la formulación de recomendaciones en Guías de Práctica Clínica (GPC), pero lastimosamente interpretados de forma errónea como puntos de corte para diagnosticar enfermedad y permitir la exagerada prescripción de esquemas de suplencia. El coeficiente de variación en los ensayos de rutina para medir niveles sanguíneos de 25(OH)D3 es alto (28%), disminuyendo la precisión global de la prueba y de forma simultánea, incrementando tanto los valores falsamente altos como falsamente bajos. La evidencia científica más reciente, analiza y cuestiona seriamente, la utilidad y el efecto real de la práctica masiva e indiscriminada de prescribir vitamina D sin un análisis exhaustivo de riesgo. La evidencia disponible es insuficiente para recomendar de forma general la suplencia de vitamina D para prevenir fracturas, caídas, cambios en la densidad mineral ósea, incidencia de enfermedades cardiovasculares, enfermedad cerebrovascular, neoplasias y tampoco en modificar la curva de crecimiento de hijos de madres que recibieron vitamina D como suplencia durante la gestación. Las recomendaciones presentadas en el documento se sustentan en el análisis crítico de la evidencia actual y en los principios de buenas prácticas clínicas e invitan a considerar un uso racional de las pruebas de 25(OH)D en el contexto de una práctica clínica centrada en las personas y una evaluación integral de necesidades y riesgos. Los principios de buena práctica sugieren que los clínicos puedan ser capaces de justificar que los resultados de la prueba de 25(OH)D influyen de manera contundente y definida la práctica clínica y modifican los desenlaces que interesan a las personas e impactan en su salud y bienestar. En la actualidad no hay claridad de cómo interpretar los resultados, y la relación entre los síntomas y los niveles de 25(OH)D, la cual, podría no ser consistente con la alta prevalencia de deficiencia de vitamina D reportada. Por tal razón, se sugiere revisar la racionalidad de la solicitud de pruebas para monitoreo sistemático de niveles de 25(OH)D o en todos los casos donde se realiza suplencia. Considerar el uso de las pruebas de 25(OH)D dentro de la evaluación integral de personas con sospecha o confirmación de las siguientes condiciones: raquitismo, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, híper o hipo paratiroidismo, síndromes de mala absorción, sarcopenia, enfermedad ósea metabólica

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research