119 research outputs found
Energy and entropy balance of ATP synthesis
AbstractAnalysis of the energy balance at the H+-translocating CF1CF0âATP synthase from spinach yields precise data for the H+/ATP coupling ratio and the standard reaction Gibbs energy, ÎrGâ˛0, of the reaction ADP+PiâATP+H2O. From the temperature dependency of ÎrGâ˛0 the accompanying ÎrHâ˛0 and ÎrSâ˛0 values are derived. Prerequisite of this analysis is a shift of the reaction quotient from values far below 1 for the uncoupled reaction to values near 1 by means of the coupling to the energetically downhill translocation of protons across the thylakoid membrane. Proton load of the thylakoid lumen is achieved along with the light-induced electron transport. The internal pH which is of crucial importance for the energy balance analysis is obtained from the pHin-controlled electron flow rate. Linear relationships between the logarithm of the reaction quotient and the equilibrium transmembrane pH difference prove the reliability of the procedure. The quantitative results are: (1) H+/ATP=4.0, independent of pH. (2) ÎrGâ˛0=31.3kJmolâ1 at conditions of 20°C, pH 8.0, pMg 2.5 and 0.08M ionic strength. (3) ÎrHâ˛0=28.1kJmolâ1, ÎrSâ˛0=â11JKâ1molâ1. These results are discussed with regard to the nonuniform data in the literature
Moving beyond the normative-geopolitical ambiguity of the EU's imperial politics in the neighbourhood: the case of Lebanon
Since 2005, the European Union intensified its political commitment in Lebanon. The same year an
Association Agreement was signed and the first Action Plan published in 2007. The Arab Uprisings
of 2011 â and on its coat-tails the brutal war in Syria â fortified an enduring imperative of stability.
Over the last years, the EU became more realistic in its ambitions â more assertive in its claims for
influence, and demonstrated a greater capacity to play to its political strengths. An increasing realism
was obscured by prevalent normative discourses reflected in EU documents. A particular normativegeopolitical
ambiguity in its external relations is caused by the imperial nature of the EU. This paper
argues that Brussels operates in legacies of imperial rule in its efforts to stabilize and transform the
Near East. The first chapter of the paper conceptualizes the EUâs imperial politics. The second section
analyzes contents of the bilateral agenda, as formulated in the Action Plan, which can be compared
with 19th century âstandards of civilizationâ developed by European states; whereas the stabilization
policies resemble geopolitical concepts. The third chapter examines the current role of the EU in
Lebanon, especially in light of the âthree M-approachâ introduced by the revised ENP of Spring 2011
and beyond âthree Mâ addressing security issues. Despite its successes, the Union still remains an
underestimated actor in the Levant. This is the case mainly because the ENP suffers from its normativegeopolitical
ambiguity, demanding at the same time a geopolitically motivated stabilization of the
peripheries (in terms of power) and a sustainable transformation of the neighbourhood converging
with the value system of the EU (in terms of norms)
Kinetic modelling of the proton translocating CF0CF1-ATP synthase from spinach
AbstractThe rate of both ATP synthesis and hydrolysis catalysed by the thiol-modulated and activated ATP synthase from spinach is measured as a function of all substrates including the protons inside the thylakoid lumen. The most important findings are: (1) sigmoid kinetics with respect to Hin+, (2) hyperbolic kinetics with respect to ADP, ATP and phosphate, with Km for phosphate and ADP decreasing upon increasing Hin+, (3) binding of ADP and phosphate in random order and competitive to ATP. Simulation of the complete set of experimental data is obtained by a kinetic model featuring Boyer's binding-change mechanism
Der Nationalismusfalle entkommen! Nach den Parlamentswahlen braucht die Slowakei eine groĂe Koalition
"Die slowakischen Wähler sind bei den Parlamentswahlen am 12. Juni 2010 der Nationalismusfalle entgangen und haben den chauvinistisch-populistischen Koalitionspartnern des Ministerpräsidenten Robert Fico eine Absage erteilt. Nun mĂźssen die siegreichen liberalen Kräfte den Mut aufbringen, mit der starken Smer eine groĂe Koalition zu bilden, die die seit der Unabhängigkeit bestehende Spaltung der Gesellschaft in ein nationalistisch-sozialpopulistisches und ein bĂźrgerlich-marktliberales Lager Ăźberwindet. Eine solche Regierung der VersĂśhnung wäre imstande, wirtschaftliche Reformen mit sozialpolitischer Sensibilität und eine Wiederannäherung an Ungarn mit innenpolitischer GlaubwĂźrdigkeit zu verbinden." (Autorenreferat
Goldchipelektroden zur elektrochemischen DNA-Detektion
Im folgenden Artikel werden einfache DNA-Sensoren vorgestellt, mit deren Hilfe es durch voltammetrische und impedimetrische Messmethoden mĂśglich ist, schnell, sensitiv und kostengĂźnstig Einzelstrang-DNA (ssDNA) nachzuweisen. Beide Messprinzipien lassen neben der spezifischen Detektion auch die Quantifizierung von DNA-Sequenzen sowie den Nachweis von einzelnen Basenfehlpaarungen innerhalb dieser Sequenzen zu. Fänger- DNA wurde zu diesem Zweck mit dem 5â-Ende auf einer Goldoberfläche immobilisiert. Die Hybridisierung mit einem Methylenblau (MB) markierten oder unmarkierten Probenstrang konnte dann mit Hilfe der Differenzpulsvoltammetrie DPV oder der elektrochemischen Impedanzspektroskopie nachgewiesen werden. Die voltammetrische Quantifizierung erfolgte in einem direkten und kompetitiven Ansatz, mit einem Detektionslimit von 30 nM bzw. 3 nM (bei Einsatz von 0,1 ÎźM Kompetitor- DNA). Das Detektionslimit beim impedimetrischen Nachweis lag bei 100 nM DNA. Die hier vorgestellten Sensoren sind zum einen regenerierbar und kĂśnnen zum anderen Ăźber einen Zeitraum von zwei Monaten gelagert werden.This paper describes simplistic electrochemical DNA sensors for the sensitive, more rapid and cost effective detection of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). The used methodes are the voltammetric detection and the detection by impedance spectroscopy. Beside the specific detection of ssDNA both techniques allow quantification of DNA and verification of single base pair mismatches within the sequences. Therefore a single-stranded 18mer oligonucleotide (DNA) was immobilised via a thiol-linker on gold film electrodes and served as probe DNA. Hybridisation was detected by means of the electroactive redox-marker methylene blue (MB), which was covalently bound to the 5â-end of the target DNA, by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) or by measuring the differences in the charge transfer resistance (RCT) by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) using non-labelled ssDNA targets. MB-labelled target DNA was verified down to 30 nM DNA. By application of a competitive binding assay non-labelled DNA was detected down to 3 nM DNA. The detection limit for impedimetric DNA sensors was 100 nM ssDNA. The sensors were found to be reusable and could be stored for more than two month at 4 °C without significant loss in their activity
Nationalismusfalle - die Slowakei vor den Parlamentswahlen
"Am 12. Juni wählen die Slowaken ein neues Parlament. Wie alle Wahlkämpfe seit der Unabhängigkeit 1993 ist auch dieser durch eine extreme Konfrontation zwischen einem nationalistisch-sozialpopulistischen und einem buĚrgerlich-marktliberalen Lager geprägt. Die Regierung unter Ministerpräsident Robert Fico hat seit 2006 eine zunehmend ethnonational fundierte Minderheiten- und Geschichtspolitik gefuĚhrt und dabei in Kauf genommen, dass sich das Verhältnis zur ungarischen Minderheit im eigenen Land und zu Budapest dramatisch verschlechtert hat. Die nationalistische Rhetorik der Regierungspartei Smer ist allerdings weniger ideologisch begruĚndet, sondern dient vielmehr taktisch der Ablenkung von dringlichen Reformaufgaben (Bildung, Justiz, Gesundheit) und der Bekämpfung der Opposition sowie des Koalitionspartners â der slowakischen Nationalpartei (SNS). Die Âťungarische KarteÂŤ verhilft Fico zwar hĂśchstwahrscheinlich zu einer zweiten Amtszeit, kĂśnnte das Land aber auch in eine gefährliche Nationalismusfalle fuĚhren." (Autorenreferat
Zwischen Wirtschaftswunder und Extremismus: Schatten auf der slowakischen Euro-Euphorie?
"Die positive wirtschaftliche Entwicklung der letzten Jahre hat sich entgegen aller Erwartungen auch unter der nationalistisch-sozialpopulistischen Regierung von Ministerpräsident Robert Fico fortgesetzt. Hinter der Fassade des slowakischen 'Wirtschaftswunders' geben allerdings einige Strukturentwicklungen Anlass zur Sorge: die Beschneidung der Staatsausgaben durch radikale Steuersenkungen und eine damit einhergehende Vertiefung sozialer Unterschiede sowie der Verschlechterung der Infrastruktur, eine extreme Dominanz der Automobilindustrie und schlieĂlich ein eklatanter Fachkräftemangel. Aufgrund dieser strukturellen Defizite trifft die gegenwärtige Finanzkrise die Slowakei besonders hart und wird die slowakische Wirtschaftskraft massiv einschränken. Die Situation verschärfte sich unter dem Eindruck des 'Gasschocks' im Januar 2009, der eine fast 100-prozentige Abhängigkeit von russischer Energie und den Fehler Bratislavas offenbarte, nach 1993 keine zumindest teilweise Unabhängigkeit von diesen Quellen hergestellt zu haben. Zudem bleibt ein altes slowakisches Problem bestehen, nämlich die Existenz eines fest etablierten sozialromantischen und nationalistischen Wählerpotenzials. Die Beziehungen zur ungarischen Minderheit und zu Budapest sind auf einem alarmierenden historischen Tiefpunkt angelangt. Dabei droht das Verhältnis durch die nachlassende Wirtschaftsleistung der Slowakei und einen Wahlsieg des nationalkonservativen Fidesz-Chef Viktor Orban in Ungarn 2010 noch weiter zu eskalieren. Diese Entwicklung bedarf der vollen Aufmerksamkeit der Europäischen Union und seiner Mitgliedstaaten, denn einen solchen Konflikt innerhalb der Union kann sich BrĂźssel angesichts der gewaltigen globalen Herausforderungen eigentlich nicht leisten." (Autorenreferat)"The positive economic development of the last years has - against all expectations - continued under prime minister Robert Fico and his nationalist, social-populist government. Backstage of the 'economic miracle' some structural trends raise concern, though: retrenchment in the public expenditure through radical tax cuts, accompanied by a deepening of social differences as well as a deterioration of the infrastructure, extreme dominance of the car industry and finally a striking shortage of skills. As a result of these structural deficits the present financial crisis hits Slovakia exceptionally hard and will constrain its economic power severely. The situation got worse under the impact of the 'gas shock' in January 2009, which revealed an almost hundred per cent Slovakian dependence on Russian energy supplies and with it, the mistake of Bratislava not to establish at least a partial independence from these sources after 1993. Moreover an old Slovakian problem persists, the existence of a well-established social-romantic and nationalist electorate. Relations to the Hungarian minority and Budapest have hit rock bottom by now. And the future prospects suggest even further escalations in these relations, caused by the decreasing economic performance and a likely election victory of the national-conservative Fidesz leader Viktor Orban in Hungary 2010. This development demands full attention of the European Union and its member states, Brussels can actually not afford such a conflict within the Union, considering the daunting global challenges." (author's abstract
On the stator of rotary ATP synthase: The binding strength of subunit δ to ιβ3 as determined by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy
ABSTRACT: ATP synthase is conceived as a rotary enzyme. Proton flow drives the rotor (namely, subunits c 12 γ) relative to the stator (namely, subunits ab 2 δ(R ) 3 ) and extrudes spontaneously formed ATP from three symmetrically arranged binding sites on (R ) 3 into the solution. We asked whether the binding of subunit δ to (R ) 3 is of sufficient strength to hold against the elastic strain, which is generated during the operation of this enzyme. According to current estimates, the elastically stored energy is about 50 kJ/mol. Subunit δ was specifically labeled without impairing its function. Its association with solubilized (R ) 3 γ in detergent-free buffer was studied by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). A very strong tendency of δ to dimerize in detergent-free buffer was apparent (K d e 0.2 nM). Taking the upper limit of this figure into account, the dissociation constant between monomeric δ and (R ) 3 γ was 0.8 nM if not smaller. It is equivalent to a free energy of binding of at least 52 kJ/mol and therewith is sufficient for the assumed hold-function of δ in the stator. Our data were compatible with a single binding site for δ on the hexagon of (R ) 3 . ATP synthase uses proton-motive force (1) or sodiummotive force (2) across the respective coupling membrane in bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. The catalytic headpiece, F 1 , has a subunit structure of (R ) 3 γδ , and the ion-translocating membrane portion, F o , has a subunit structure of ab 2 c 12 . ATP synthase is conceived as a molecular engine (3-5). The hydrolysis of ATP drives the rotation of γ relative to the hexagonally arranged large subunits, (R ) 3 , in the isolated headpiece, F 1 . This has been established experimentally by chemical cross-linking (6), by polarized absorption recovery after photobleaching (7), and by video microfluorometry (8). The rotation progresses in three steps of 120°(9, 10). Cross-linking experiments have suggested that subunit γ also rotates in the holoenzyme (11). How torque is generated by the translocation of protons through F o is a key question. Models have been presented in which proton translocation is mediated by a ring of 12 copies of subunit c that rotates relative to the larger subunit a of F o (12-15) (see ref 16 for an overview). The rotation is supposedly picked up by subunits γ and and transmitted by γ into F 1 . As a prerequisite for torque transmission from F o into F 1 , the hexagon of subunits (R ) 3 has to be firmly linked to the stator elements of F o . Cross-linking experiments from various laboratories (17-19) as well as the demonstration that both and γ rotate (9, 20) have led to the following assignment of subunits to the rotor, namely, c 12 γ, and the stator, namely, ab 2 δ(R ) 3 (reviewed in refs 5 and 21)
Ins Straucheln geraten: zwischen Frustration und Emanzipation ; die neuen EU-Mitglieder stecken in einer turbulenten Phase
"Was ist los in den neuen EU-Staaten in Mitteleuropa? War es voreilig, die ehemals kommunistischen Länder in den exklusiven Klub der Europäischen Union aufzunehmen? So mag es aussehen, aber der Eindruck ist falsch. Denn die 'Neuen' holen nur Entwicklungen nach, fßr die auch der Westen viel Zeit gebraucht hat." (Autorenreferat
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