Az ipari termelés szerepének és területi szerkezetének változáas Magyarországon napjainkban

We want to present the historical back-ground of the changes in the industry of Hungary emphasizing the continousness in terms. The renewing and transforming of the industry of Hungary is a permanent process. After the fall of socialism the interest of the multinational companies and enterprises strenghtened regarding the role of investors. In this transition economy the role of the market has immensely been emphasized, the role of the privatization is a characteristic feature this time. One and a half decades after the regime change Hungary joined the European Union (2004). The economy of Hungary became an open economy. From 2008 the structure of the industry has been changed. The economic crisis caused a lot of structural changes regarding a set of the connections in the economy. Today a re-industrialization process can be observed. The industrial output is increasing, the driving force of the process is the automotive industry. The traditional NE-SW axle presented the previous line of the main territory of the production of the industry. The new territory is the northern part of Transdanubia, instead of the previous area. Hungary’s industry is still in a period of transition. It depends on the effects of globalization, the world’s economic processes, the volume of operating capital, the success of economic restructuring and the possibilities for cooperation between eastern and western economies. All these factors influence Hungarian economy as a whole, since it is closely related to both European and global economies

Utilization of diatomaceous earth in agricultral practice

Diatomaceous earth consist of accumulated skeletons of the perished diatoms sink to the seabed, later getting to the mainland. Its utilisation is various: detoxification, slimming, anti-wrinkle, face wrinkle, skin-, hair- and nail care, industrial filter, but it can be used as natural soil conditioner, too. A series of investigations have been made in order to find the use of the diatomaceous earth in agriculture. These were: 1/ study of the soil conditioning effect; 2/ study of the insecticidal effect; and 3/ study of the stored grain drying effect. The first experiment deals with the examination of the effect of diatomaceous earth mixed in soil on the quality and quantity of tomato yield under horticultural circumstances. The aim was to determine whether the diatomaceous earth has influence on germination, germ development, time and period of yield maturity, as well as on yield quantity. The results didn’t managed to confirm the differentiation of germination ability. However the heights of the germs were significantly higher. The yield maturity period was shorter in the treatments, being more favourable for horticultural producers. Eventually the main result was the purposeful higher yield mass in the treatments. The 150 g kg-1 dose proved to be more efficacy than the 100 g kg-1. As conclusion the utilisation of diatomaceous earth in tomato cultivation may result economic and cultivation advantages. The second experiment focused on insecticidal effect against the granary weevil (Sitophilus granarius) in stored grain. The efficacy was evaluated on maize and barley in laboratory tests at three dose rates of 1‰, 2‰ and 4‰. The treated grains were infested with weevils, the mortality was estimated after 24h, 48h, 7d, 14d and 21d of exposure. After 21 days all weevils were removed and progeny production was assessed 45 days later. The longer exposure intervals increased weevil mortality in both cereal grains. The efficacy on maize was not satisfactory, even at the highest dose rate the mortality was average 20% and the progeny was relative high. On the other hand, 84.99% of weevils were dead on barley, parallel with a complete suppression of progeny. So the utilisation of diatomaceous earth as insecticide may have future in stored product industry. The aim of the third experiment was to decrease the costs of the grain storage by the utilisation of diatomaceous earth. Three different moisture content maize have been used (19.8%; 21.0%; 28.7%) with 2‰, 4‰ and 8‰ diatomaceous earth percentages. The moisture and dry matter content were determined in accordance to the Hungarian Standard. The moisture contents of the treated grains showed an unambiguous decrease, between 2.3-4.4%. This means 1.5-1.6X higher moisture loss than the control. The higher moisture loss was observable in the case of the 2‰ samples (around 4.5% moisture decrease). The utilisation of diatomaceous earth can’t replace the heat transmission grain drying but it can be used for partial drying, as well as can replace the two-step drying by heat with one-ste

Oligotrophic peat bogs as macrofungal refuges in the Eastern Carpathians

Oligotrophic peat bogs are vulnerable, special habitats with unique funga, preserved only in small spots. The climatic extremities accelerate their degradation. Systematic field surveys have been made from 1998 on the macrofungi of six bogs: Mohos, Lucs, Ördög-lake, Fenyőkút, Veresvíz and Poiana Stampei in Pino-Sphagnetum magellanicii (PIN-S) and Sphagno-Piceetum (S-PIC) stands. A total number of 294 taxa were documented with 1063 occurrence data, the majority (264 taxa, 784 data) from S-PIC, a lower number (90 taxa, 279 data) from PIN-S. Constant character species from all stands were Lactarius helvus, Russula decolorans and Russula paludosa. In the S-PIC stands several widespread spruce-connected species were fructifying. Because of their high data number, Cortinarius sanguineus, Hypholoma capnoides, Lactarius lignyotus, Lactarius picinus, Leccinum vulpinum, Pholiota flammans, Russula vinosa and Tylopilus felleus can be highlighted. Some species of the surrounding beech stands can penetrate here, like Boletus reticulatus, Lactarius vellereus, Russula solaris. Beside in drier years, species indicating disturbance can also occur: Chlorophyllum rachodes, Crucibulum laeve, Inocybe geophylla. From the rare species, Albatrellus (A. confluens, A. ovinus and A. subrubescens) and Hydnellum (H. aurantiacum, H. geogenium, H. peckii, H. scrobiculatum and H. suaveolens) species can be mentioned, as well as Bankera violascens, Lactarius repraesentaneus, Lactarius trivialis and Mitrula paludosa. In the PIN-S stands frequent characteristic species were Amanita fulva, Cortinarius caperatus, Fomitopsis betulina, Fomitopsis pinicola, Lactarius vietus and Suillus variegatus, all fructifying in lower number in S-PIC, too. Constant character species for PIN-S were Exobasidium vaccinii, E. karstenii and Galerina paludosa. Rare species were Cortinarius chrysolitus, C. tubarius, Exobasidium juelianum, Hypholoma ericaeum, Lactarius sphagneti, Pseudoplectania sphagnophila, Russula longipes and R. consobrina. The functional distribution showed a mycorrhizal dominance in all stands (50-80%), followed by the wood inhabiting saprotrophic (10-30%). The proportion of the soil saprotrophic species was between 10-15% in the S-PIC, while the rare functions were occurring only in the PIN-S: mossconnected (Arrhenia onisca, A. sphagnicola, Bogbodia uda, Galerina gibbosa, G. paludosa, Hypholoma elongatum and Rickenella fibula); and biotrophic parasite (Exobasidium spp.). Ten species are stated in the Romanian Red List, three vulnerable (VU): Catathelasma imperiale and Craterellus lutescens from S-PIC, and Suillus flavidus from PIN-S;.seven near threatened (NT), all from S-PIC: Amanita regalis, Clitocybe odora, Gyromitra infula, Hydnellum suaveolens, Lactarius picinus, L. uvidus and Rickenella fibula. Beside Lactarius helvus, Leccinum variicolor, Porphyrellus porphyrosporus, Russula claroflava and Sarcodon scabrosus are probably endangered

Camões and Hungarian Literature of the 19th century

Camões, pela sua vida e o pelo sentimento pátrio que reflete sua obra magna, Os Lusíadas, tornou-se muito popular na Hungria do século XIX. Por um lado, foi o sentimento romântico da época que o consagrou um poeta destacado e, por outro, as condições políticas e mentais da Hungria de então, onde se lutava pela independência mental e política do país. Por isso, encontram-se referências frequentes tanto à sua figura, como à sua obra e o poeta aparece várias vezes como figura central em obras de ficção e poéticas.Camões because of his romantic life and the patriotism that reflects his masterpiece, Os Lusíadas, became very popular in nineteenth-century Hungary. On the one hand, it was the romantic feeling of the time that consecrated him a prominent poet and, on the other hand, the political and mental conditions of Hungary fighting at that time for the mental and political independence of the country. That is why frequent references are made to both his figure and his work, and the poet appears several times as a central figure in Hungarian works of fiction and poetry.Esta publicação foi financiada por Fundos Nacionais através da FCT — Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, no âmbito do Projeto «UID/ELT/00077/2019»info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio