CHIMERIC ANTIGEN RECEPTOR FOR CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA - A REVIEW

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia cancer is a deadly one which affects the bone marrow from making it to produce more amounts of white blood cells in the humans. This disease can be treated either by radiation therapy, bone marrow transplantation, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy. In radiation therapy, the ionizing radiation is used toward the tumor cells, but the main drawback is the radiation may affect the normal cells as well. To overcome this drawback, immunotherapy chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) is used. These CAR cells will target only the antigen of the tumor cells and not damage the normal cells in the body. In this therapy, the T-cells are taken either from the patients or a healthy donor and are engineered to express the CARs which are called as CAR-T-cells. When these CAR-T-cells come in contact with the antigen present on the surface of the tumor cells, they will get activated and become toxic to the tumor cells. This new class of therapy is having a great prospect in cancer immunotherapy

REVIEW ON ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDIES OF NUTRACEUTICAL PLANT: CAPPARIS SPINOSA L. (CAPER)

Objective: Capparis spinosa L. (Caper) is a perennial spiny bush that bears rounded, fleshy leaves and big white to pinkish-white flowers. It is nativeto the Mediterranean region and growing wild on walls or in rocky coastal areas throughout India. Even though it has been used in traditional Indiansystem of medicines for various human diseases, the summation of its medicinal properties is lacking. Hence, the present review focused to providecollective information regarding the medicinal value of C. spinosa.Methods: Literatures were collected from online resources like Scopus, Sciencedirect etc., related to the pharmacological activities of Capparis spinosaand the available information were summarized and given in the review.Results: C. spinosa has anthelminthic, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, cardiovascular,chondroprotective, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, antiallergic and antihistaminic, immunomodulatory, anticarcinogenic, and antihepatotoxic activity.The phytochemicals identified in this plant were lipids, alkaloids, glucocapperin, and polyphenols.Conclusion: This review attempts to encompass the available literature on C. spinosa with respect to its pharmacognostic characters, chemicalconstituents, nutritional characters, various pharmacological activities, traditional uses, and modern use.Keywords: Capparis spinosa L., Caper, Medicinal properties, Nutritional value, Phytochemicals

MICROSCOPIC, PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF CRATEVA MAGNA (LOUR) DC. (LEAF)

Objective: Preliminary screening of phytochemicals is a valuable step, in the detection of the bioactive principles present in medicinal plants and subsequently may lead to drug discovery and development. In the present study, the identity, purity and strength of Crateva magna (Lour) DC. (Leaf), HPTLC, LC MS and phytochemical screening were analysed.Methods: Tests for Identity, Purity, and Strength of Crateva magna (Lour) DC. (Leaf) Botanical standards, Physicochemical constants such as Foreign matter, Total ash, moisture content, Acid insoluble ash, and water soluble ash and Extractive value such as Hexane, Chloroform, Ethyl acetate, Alcohol were determined. The Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis of various extracts was also determined. HPTLC, LCMS ANALYSIS was analysed.Results: Microscopic studies T S of Crateva magna leaf shows the presence of prominent midrib, upper and lower epidermis and lamina. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of dry powder and aqueous extracts of Crateva magna (Lour) DC. (Leaf) showed the presence of flavones, steroids, glycosides, sugar, alkaloids, quinones, phenols, coumarin and lignin. HPTLC of an Aqueous extract of the Crateva magna (Lour) DC. (Leaf). LC MS spectrum indicates may be the presence of bioactive compounds.Conclusion: The results revealed that aqueous extract of Crateva magna (Lour) DC. (Leaf) has suitable for anti ulcer study

PHARMACOPHORIC SCREENING OF VARIOUS ENDOPHYTIC FUNGAL METABOLITES

Objective: To screen various endophytic fungal metabolites toward anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant property virtually.Methods: In this study, 14 bioactive compounds reported from endophytic fungi have taken for structure-based drug design. With the help of softwareSchrodinger, different modules were used to perform screening of top active compounds. Ligprep, epharm, Glide, Quikprop are the modules were used from the software for our study. Identification of leads, pharmacophore model generation, and molecular docking studies were assessed using this software.Results: After the screening of molecules virtually, the most bioactive anti-inflammatory compound was found to be cycloepoxytriol with the dockingscore of −7.511 kcal/mole, and the most active anticancer compound was found to be Phomol with the docking score of −9.778 kcal/mole. The mostactive antioxidant compound was found to be Phomol with the docking score of −9.970 kcal/mole. Further account the potential of the compoundsto act as efficient drug candidates, their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties were also predicted. All the compounds wereshown to correlate well with all properties virtually.Conclusion: In conclusion, using structure-based drug design, we have obtained some promising leads for anti-inflammatory, anticancer, andantioxidant drug discovery. The discovery of compounds from natural products is very potent for formulating new drugs.Â

A REVIEW ON DNA NANOBOTS – A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR CANCER TREATMENT

Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases of this century. Tedious and painful radiation therapy and chemotherapy are administered using many drugs including antitumor antibiotics, which cause a lot of side effects. As an alternate, DNA nanorobots serve as a potential cancer treatment technique which is very much safer than other therapies and acts specifically as well. DNA nanobots are said to set a new milestone in the development of medical studies. The primary objective of this bot is to target and eliminate cancer cells from the human body. These bots are made of a single strand of DNA folded into the desired shape. The bots will have two states - an off†position, where the clamshells are closed tightly to bypass healthy cells without any damage and an on†position, where the clamshell opens up to expose cancerous cells to the drug so that the drug can do its job to eliminate the cancer cell. This novel idea will be actively used within the public when it passes its first human trial. In this review, we focus on eliminating cancer cells. Since the bot can be programmed and is capable enough to carry a payload, it can also be used to cure any other diseases as a secondary target. Creation of nanobots has been under progress already and may come within the public after an estimated time of 5 years

DOCKING STUDIES ON ANTIDIABETIC MOLECULAR TARGETS OF PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF SYZYGIUM CUMINI (L.) SKEELS

ABSTRACTObjectives: Different parts of jamun tree (Syzygium cumini L. skeels) which belongs to the family - Myrtaceae are well-known for their antidiabeticactivity. Traditional practitioners in India are using the leaf, bark, and fruits of this medicinal plant over many centuries to manage the diabeticpatients. Although several research works have been conducted to prove the efficacy of this plant extracts and also to explore the active principles ofthis plant drug, there is no information regarding the interaction of phytoconstituents of jamun tree with diabetic targets at the molecular level. Hence,this study focused to apply a computational approach to reveal the interaction of molecules of jamun tree with antidiabetic targets.Methods: Lamarckian genetic algorithm methodology was used for docking of 22 phytoconstituents with α-amylase, a key enzyme that involved incarbohydrate metabolism using Autodock software.Results: Analysis of binding energy of ligands with target receptors was remarkably lower especially for friedelin (−9.54 kcal/mol), epifriedelanol(−8.98 kcal/mol), betulinic acid (−8.60 kcal/mol), beta-sitosterol (−8.56 kcal/mol), petunidin-3-gentiobioside (−7.52 kcal/mol), kaempferol (−7.08kcal/mol), petunidin (−6.21 kcal/mol), quercetin (−6.03 kcal/mol), myricetin (−5.80 kcal/mol), and bergenin (−5.27 kcal/mol) when compared tothe synthetic drug acarbose (−2.43 kcal/mol).Conclusion: Potential molecules identified from this study could be considered as a lead to design/synthesize anti-diabetic drug molecules inpharmaceutical industry.Keywords: Jamun tree, Syzygium cumini, Phytochemicals, Diabetes, α-amylase, Molecular docking

PHARMACOGNOSTIC EVALUATION OF ABIES WEBBIANA LEAF: A SIDDHA HERBAL INGREDIENT

ABSTRACTObjectives: To evaluate the therapeutic potential of Abies webbiana (Wall ex D. Don) Lindl, plants leaves belongs to Pinaceae family are grown inNorthern India, Afghanistan, China (Tibet), Nepal, and Pakistan. It is a large tree grows up to 50 m height. Leaves of this plant are useful in Siddha andAyurveda Systems of Medicine. It acts as an expectorant, carminative, stomachic, and tonic. It is the main ingredient in the Siddha formulations suchas Thalisathi choornam and Thalisadi vadagam, which are used for respiratory problems such as cold, cough, wheezing, tuberculosis, indigestion, lossof appetite, and vatha diseases.Methods: In this study, we have investigated the phytochemical profile, pharmacognostic characters, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) compounds of methanolic extract of A. webbiana leaves.Results: Phytochemical screening showed the presence of steroids, terpenes, sugars, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and quinones. The leafmaterial revealed loss on drying (6.90%), total ash (5.23%), acid-insoluble ash (0.57%), water-soluble extractive (23.79%), alcohol-soluble extractive(18.37%), and pH was 5.25. 29 compounds were detected in GC-MS analysis and benzenepropanol, 4-hydroxy-à-methyl, 2-furancarboxaldehyde, and5-(hydroxymethyl) are the predominant components.Conclusions: This study provides the pharmacognostic standards of A. webbiana leaf for their authentication and utilization in herbal medicine.Keywords: Abies webbiana, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemicals, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Herbal medicine

Efficacy of Platelet Rich Fibrin assisted With and Without laser Application in the treatment of Periodontal intrabony defects: A Clinico Radiographic study

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES : The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of platelet rich fibrin assisted with and without laser application in the treatment of periodontal intrabony defects. MATERIALS AND METHODS : Ten healthy patients in age range of 20-60 years, showing bilateral identical intrabony defects were selected. The defects were assigned randomly into Experimental site A (open flap debridement and PRF placement) and Experimental site B (laser disinfection with PRF placement). Clinical parameters such as the plaque index and gingival index were recorded at baseline and at 1 month,3rd month and 6th month post operatively and probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level were recorded at baseline and then 6th month post operatively. The radiographic parameter was recorded at baseline and 6th month post operatively, using standardized intra-oral periapical radiographs taken with long cone paralleling technique and were then assessed using image analysis software. RESULTS : Re-evaluation at 6 months revealed that both the groups showed a significant reduction in probing pocket depth (4.1 ± 0.9mm in experimental site A and 4.7 ± 1.6mm in experimental site B ) and clinical attachment gain (3.7 ± 1.4mm in experimental site A and 4.3 ± 1.8mm in experimental site B). All the clinical parameters were improved slightly better in experimental site B. There was no significant difference between experimental site A and B in bone fill at 6 months post operatively. CONCLUSION : Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that, clinically the use of PRF and laser is more effective than PRF alone. But there was no significant difference in bone fill radiographically between two groups

A REVIEW ON ARTIFICIAL BLOOD: A SOURCE WE NEED

Blood is a liquid tissue, in which abundant chemical factors and millions of different cells are dissolved. It is one of the most demanding sources in clinical and medical aspects. The issues and cost of human blood collection and storage directed this procedure toward the use of alternative blood. Thus, came an invention of artificial blood and blood substitutes. These alternative blood or blood substitute is a substance which is made to play as a substitute of erythrocytes. Thus, the main objective is to replace the normal human blood with artificial blood substitutes in the place of blood transfusion during surgeries and organ transfusion. Two major and focused blood substitutes in pharmaceutical aspects are perfluorocarbons and hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOC's). Among these HBOCs vaguely resemble normal human blood. These blood substitutes are to allow flow through the blood stream to carry the oxygen and supply it to heart and other parts of the blood. They are used to fill the lost fluid volume. They are also called as plastic blood with iron atom as the base. They are found to serve as a good oxygen carrier. The results showed by these products are discussed, and they proved that they can act as a blood substitute and also they can reach the human tissue easier than erythrocytes and can control oxygen directly. However, these artificial blood products are being processed in research laboratories for good outcome. Their important functions are oxygen carrying capacity and to replace the lost blood volume in the human body. Their special features are survivability over a wider range of temperatures, eliminating cross matching, cost efficient, pathogen free, long shelf life, minimal side effects. Thus, artificial blood products are really a good alternative source which we need for replacing normal human blood