Patients with an Open Abdomen in Asian, American and European Continents: A Comparative Analysis from the International Register of Open Abdomen (IROA)

Background: International register of open abdomen (IROA) enrolls patients from several centers in American, European, and Asiatic continent. The aim of our study is to compare the characteristics, management and clinical outcome of adult patients treated with OA in the three continents. Material and methods: A prospective analysis of adult patients enrolled in the international register of open abdomen (IROA). Trial registration: NCT02382770. Results: 1183 patients were enrolled from American, European and Asiatic Continent. Median age was 63 years (IQR 49–74) and was higher in the European continent (65 years, p < 0.001); 57% were male. The main indication for OA was peritonitis (50.6%) followed by trauma (15.4%) and vascular emergency (13.5%) with differences among the continents (p < 0.001). Commercial NPWT was preferred in America and Europe (77.4% and 52.3% of cases) while Barker vacuum pack (48.2%) was the preferred temporary abdominal closure technique in Asia (p < 0.001). Definitive abdominal closure was achieved in 82.3% of cases in America (fascial closure in 90.2% of cases) and in 56.4% of cases in Asia (p < 0.001). Prosthesis were mostly used in Europe (17.3%, p < 0.001). The overall entero-atmospheric fistula rate 2.5%. Median open abdomen duration was 4 days (IQR 2–7). The overall intensive care unit and hospital length-of-stay were, respectively, 8 and 11 days (no differences between continents). The overall morbidity and mortality rates for America, Europe, and Asia were, respectively, 75.8%, 75.3%, 91.8% (p = 0.001) and 31.9%, 51.6%, 56.9% (p < 0.001). Conclusion: There is no uniformity in OA management in the different continents. Heterogeneous adherence to international guidelines application is evident. Different temporary abdominal closure techniques in relation to indications led to different outcomes across the continents. Adherence to guidelines, combined with more consistent data, will ultimately allow to improving knowledge and outcome

The construction of phase angle and gain loci by j[omega]-axis transformation

Some formulas were derived to construct the phase angle loci and the gain loci by the shifting technique. These formulas give the angular frequencies and corresponding gains for the phase angle loci and the angular frequencies for the gain loci for each shift of the j[omega] -axis. The oscillatory conditions for the phase angle loci were determined by applying the Continued Fraction Expansion to the ratio of the polynomials obtained from the real and imaginary part of the phase angle loci equation. From the Continued Fraction Expansion, two sets of formulas were obtained; one set for [phi] = [upsilon][pi] , ([upsilon] = 0,1,2,3, ...) and one set for [phi][not equal][upsilon][pi] . Each set consists of two formulas to determine the angular frequency and gain. By these formulas the angular frequencies and corresponding gains for a particular value of phase angle [phi] are determined. Two formulas were derived for construction of the gain loci by the shifting technique; one for a polynomial form and one for a factored form of the phase angle loci equation. By this formula the angular frequencies, for a particular value of gain K , are determined for each shift of the j[omega]-axis.Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department o

Dissolution characteristics of nicardipine hydrochloride microcapsules from hard gelatin capsules and tablets

Nicardipine hydrochloride microcapsules prepared by using ethylcellulose as coating material were put into hard gelatin capsules and were comparessed into tablets to investigate the effect of direct tableting agent on the release of nicardipine hydrochloride. Dissolution tests were studied in simulated gastric medium without enzyme using the USP XXII rotating basket method. In vitro release was evaluated by zero order, first order, RRSBW, Hixson-Crowell, Higuchi and Hopfenberg kinetic models. The release of nicardipine hydrochloride was found to be governed by the core: wall ratio, microcapsule particle size and the kind of direct tabletting agent. Release from hard gelatin capsules and tabletted microcapsules were significantly more prolonged than the respective batches of the microcapsules, but release of tabletted microcapsules was found to be low degree for drug. Therefore, direct tabletting agents such as lactose, lactose fast flo and avicel pH 101 were added to the tablets to increase the release rate of drug. It was concluded that avicel pH 101 could be used to increase dissolution rates from tabletted microcapsules. The multiple regression technique was assumed for the analysis of experimental data. Three-dimensional response-surface graphs for percentage of nicardipine hydrochloride released as a function of percentage of drug content and dissolution time were generated

Nanopharmaceuticals

2-s2.0-85083253176Inhalation therapy which is fundamentally used for the treatment of respiratory disease has been used for over 4000 years. Pulmonary drug delivery is a significant research area affecting the treatment of diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as well as cystic fibrosis (CF). Solid colloidal particles which are nanoparticles are ranging in size from 10 to 1000 nm. The particles in question can be made from biodegradable and biocompatible biomaterials. The principles which are expected to be active such as drugs of oligonucleotides can be adsorbed, encapsulated, or covalently attached to their surface or into their matrix. İn vitro and in vivo studies have exhibited that nanoparticles are capable carrier systems meant for drug targeting strategies. © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Micromeritic studies on nicardipine hydrochloride microcapsules

WOS: A1996VA14700003In this study, nicardipine hydrochloride (N.HCl) microcapsules were prepared by means of coacervation phase separation technique using ethylcellulose (EC) as a coating material. Micromeritic investigations were carried out on nicardipine hydrochloride, ethylcellulose and nicardipine hydrochloride microcapsules in order to standardize the microcapsule product and to optimize the pilot production of dosage forms prepared with these microcapsules. Microcapsules we prepared had the ratio of 2:1 core:wall and then by sieving, were divided into two groups according to their particle sizes which were > 840 mu m and 476-840 mu m. The bulk volume and weight, tapping volume and weight, fluidity, angle of repose, weight deviation, particle size distribution, density and porosity of nicardipine hydrochloride, ethylcellulose and nicardipine hydrochloride microcapsules were studied. To determine flowability, Hausner ratio and Consolidation index were also calculated from the results obtained. The findings of the study suggested that the micromeritic properties of the crude materials were significantly changed by the microencapsulation process. In addition, it was shown by scanning electron microscopy, that the changes were due to changes in the physicochemical properties of drug particles