First Report of Mycotoxins in Second Peanuts Crop in Adana and Osmaniye at Harvest, Drying, Prestorage and Storage Periods

Aflatoxin (AF) and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) contaminations are very important problems for peanuts and its products. The aim of the study was to detect aflatoxin (types B and G) and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) occurrence and critical periods of toxin production in peanuts collected from different research areas of Osmaniye and Adana, Turkey, in 2015. Peanut kernels toxin analysis was performed in four different periods during the harvest, drying, prestorage, and storage. Total aflatoxin occurrence in peanut kernels was analyzed by immunoaffinity chromatography‐reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (IAC‐HPLC) analysis and cyclopiazonic acid occurrence in peanut kernels was analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Aflatoxin levels in 76 out of 102 contaminated samples were from 0.3 to 1333.42 μg/kg. Cyclopiazonic acid levels in 18 out of 102 peanut samples were from 16.6 to 44.44 μg/kg. An unusual pattern of mycotoxin production (aflatoxin types B and G simultaneously with CPA) was seen in 11 of 102 peanuts samples. Six of nine samples were from the storage period. Aflatoxin contamination during harvesting (64%) and drying (75%) were higher than prestorage (53%). Aflatoxin (93%) and cyclopiazonic acid (30%) were the most produced during storage. The results showed that storage period was significantly important for the presence of two mycotoxins according to the statistical analysis

Trichogramma species (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) egg parasitoids of lepidoptera in the eastern mediterranean region of Turkey

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The effects of different irrigation systems on the inundative release of Trichogramma evanescens westwood (Hymenoptera : trichogrammatidae) against Ostrinia nubilalis hubner (Lepidoptera : pyralidae) in the second crop maize

WOS: 000247070200003This study was conducted to determine the effects of different irrigation systems on the inundative release of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) against Ostrinia nubilahs Hubner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in the second crop maize in the Cukurova region of Turkey in 1999 and 2000. O. nubilalis, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and T. evanescens were reared in a climatic room under constant temperature of 25 +/- 1 degrees C, relative humidity of 65 +/- 10%, and an appropriate light regime (16:8 LD). Trichogramma evanescens was applied twice at a rate of 75,000 parasitoid ha(-1) at 10-day intervals at the beginning of the oviposition period of the third generation of O. nubilahs in the second crop maize. Irrigation was an important factor for the effectiveness of T. evanescens and significant differences between the 2 irrigation systems tested were observed. The efficiency of T. evanescens was higher under flood irrigation than sprinkler irrigation conditions. Egg parasitism was 81.0% and 84.3% with flood irrigation, and 66.3% and 69.2% with sprinkler irrigation in 1999 and 2000, respectively. The reduction rate of infested plants with O. nubilalis was 80.0% and 88.3% with flood irrigation, and 60.7% and 68.9% with sprinkler irrigation in 1999 and 2000, respectively. Yield increased approximately 1500-2000 kg ha(-1) under flood irrigation as compared to sprinkler irrigation

Mitochondrial and ribosomal DNA sequence analysis for discrimination of Trichogramma euproctidis Girault and Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Sequence variation of ribosomal regions, namely the second internal transcribed spacer region of the nuclear ribosomal gene cluster (ITS2), the D2 domain of 28S ribosomal subunit (28SD2), and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) were examined for differentiation of Trichogramma euproctidis Girault and Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrannmatidae) populations. The length of ITS2 region ranged from 378 bp to 406 bp. The sequences of 28SD2 and COI were 522 bp and 669 bp for T. euproctidis and 530 bp and 672 bp for T. brassicae, respectively. A phylogenetic relationship was constructed by using the maximum likelihood method for each marker. The ITS2 gene region more clearly differentiated between T. euproctidis and T. brassicae than the 28SD2 and COI genes

Esterase variation and some biological characteristics of two Turkish Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) populations

In this study, esterase variation was investigated for one Trichogramma turkestanica Meyer and two Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko populations collected from Southeast Turkey. Depending on the banding patterns there were slower (Est1) and faster (Est2) bands as two different isozymes were determined. T. turkestanica had a different banding pattern than T. brassicae. At the same time, numbers of parasitized eggs and female and male offspring, and adult longevity were determined for each population. There were no significant differences between cultures except adult longevity. Some morphometric characters of cultures were also measured, comprising body length, flagellum length, head width, the longest seta of the flagellum, hind tibia and hind wing length. All characters were similar between the two T. brassicae populations and were significantly different from T. turkestanica

Detection of genetic polymorphism by RAPD-PCR in two Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) species in Turkey

In biological control, identification of species is the first step. It is especially difficult for the genus Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) because of their minute size and lack of reliable morphological characters. In the study, random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) banding patterns were used for characterization of three laboratory cultures that represented two Trichogramma species [Trichogramma brassicae (Bezdenko) ve Trichogramma euproctidis (Girault)]. Thirteen of the fifteen primers were used individually to discriminate the species. Genetic variation and distance within and between species with respect to proportion of shared bands were clarified. Genetic distances within species were much lower (0.8%) than between species (68%). Our results suggest that the RAPD technique could be used to improve identification and to better understand the genetic polymorphism of Trichogramma spp. Potential uses of RAPD-PCR in genetic analyses on parasitic Hymenoptera are discussed in the study

Sequence analysis of the ribosomal DNA ITS2 region in two Trichogramma species (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Two egg parasitoid wasps, Trichogramma euproctidis (Girault) and Trichogramma brassicae (Bezdenko) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) were identified in the study. The taxonomy of these wasps is problematic because of their small size and lack of distinguishable morphological characters. The DNA sequence variation from the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was analyzed from these two Trichogramma species. This technique provides quick, simple and reliable molecular identification of Trichogramma species

Esterase variation and some biological characteristics of two Turkish Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) populations

Abstract. In this study, esterase variation was investigated for one Trichogramma turkestanica Meyer and two Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko populations collected from Southeast Turkey. Depending on the banding patterns there were slower (Est1) and faster (Est2) bands as two different isozymes were determined. T. turkestanica had a different banding pattern than T. brassicae. At the same time, numbers of parasitized eggs and female and male offspring, and adult longevity were determined for each population. There were no significant differences between cultures except adult longevity. Some morphometric characters of cultures were also measured, comprising body length, flagellum length, head width, the longest seta of the flagellum, hind tibia and hind wing length. All characters were similar between the two T. brassicae populations and were significantly different from T. turkestanica

A molecular key to the common species of Trichogramma of the Mediterranean region

A molecular key for the identification of common Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) species found in agricultural settings around the Mediterranean is developed based on the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer 2 of the ribosomal cistron. Using the size of the ITS2 PCR product and restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the amplicon, ten Trichogramma species (T. bourarachae Pintureau and Babault, T. brassicae Bezdenko, T. cacoeciae Marchal/T. embryophagum Hartig, T. cordubensis Vargas and Cabello, T. dendrolimi Matsumura, T. euproctidis Girault, T. evanescens Westwood, T. nerudai Pintureau and Gerding, T. oleae Voegelé and Pointel, and T. pintoi Voegelé) can be distinguished