Influences of parturition on home range and microhabitat use of female black-faced impalas

The use of home ranges and microhabitats by female black-faced impalas Aepyceros melampus petersi was investigated using radio-telemetry over a 4-month period that coincided with parturition at Ongava Game Reserve, north-west Namibia. The aim of the study was to test how ranging patterns and microhabitat use were affected by the presence of young. The mean minimum convex polygon (MCP) home range of the 11 tracked female black-faced impalas exceeded the largest of home ranges of impalas elsewhere by at least six times, and females used significantly larger total ranges (MCPs) after birth, although (50% kernel) core areas did not change significantly. Females were more likely to be solitary or alone with a lamb in the first week of their lambs' lives than in the periods after or before that time, and they both shifted their home ranges and changed their microhabitat use after parturition. Decisions on microhabitat and space use by female black-faced impalas appeared to be affected by parturition

Forage fermentation patterns and their implications for herbivore ingesta retention times

1. Differences in digestive physiology between browsing and grazing ruminant feeding types have been discussed extensively. The potentially underlying differences in fermentative behaviour of forage plants have received much less attention. 2. In this study, different groups of temperate forage plants (grasses, browse leaves and twigs, herbs and legumes) were compared in their chemical composition and fementative behaviour. They were evaluated via an in vitro fermentation system (modified Hohenheim gas test), and relevant fermentation parameters such as maximal gas production and relative gas production rate were calculated. 3. Grasses generally had a higher NDF (neutral detergent fibre = total cell wall) content than browse leaves, herbs and legumes, while browse leaf cell wall was more lignified than that of herbs, legumes and grass. 4. With respect to fermentation parameters, grass had the highest maximal gas production, followed by herbs and legumes, and the lowest maximal gas production in browse leaves and twigs. Relative gas production rate was highest in herbs and legumes, while that of grass and browse was lower. As expected, browse twigs had the lowest nutritional value. 5. Dicot material reached given setpoints of absolute gas production rate like 1.0 or 0.5 mL gas/(200 mg dry matter x h) faster than grass material. Based on these results, a longer passage time of food particles seems to be adaptive for grazing ruminants, as over a wide range of fermentation times, absolute gas production rate is higher in grass compared with dicots. Especially for browse leaves, a higher intake level should be expected to balance energy requirements of animals relying on this forage type