Sustainable nano-sodium silicate and silver nitrate impregnated locally made ceramic filters for point-of-use water treatments in sub-Sahara African households

The poor access to water quality for Nigerians has pushed for the designing of new trend silver nitrate impregnated locally made Point-Of-Use (POU) ceramic filters to enhance water purification efficiency for household use. This study utilized silver nitrate-molded ceramic filters prepared with Kaolin from Owode, silt soil, sodium silicate, sawdust, and distilled water in three varying proportions to ascertain pollution removal efficiencies. Heating was carried out by firing the filters at 900 �C and further preheating at 400 �C after dipping in silver nitrate solution. Silver nanoparticle and dissociated particle discharge from filter pot painted with 0.03 mg/g caseincovered nAg or AgNO3 were estimated as an element of pH (5–9), ionic strength (1–50mM), and cation species (Naþ, Ca2þ, Mg2þ). Silver delivery was constrained by disintegration as Agþ and resulting cation exchange measures, paying little heed to silver structure applied. Water analysis for both heavy metals (Pb and Cd) and microbial load (E. coli) evaluated, corroborate the maximum removal efficiency. It was observed that kaolinsawdust with the Silver nitrate filters showed a constant and effective removal of both heavy metals and disinfection of microbial loads. The minimum flow rates observed were 4.97 mL/min for batch filter used for Iju River water sample one (AF1) and 4.98 mL/min for batch filter used for Iju River water sample two (AF2) having porosity 49.05% and 50.00%, whereas the 5 mL/min higher flow rate was used for batch filter from borehole water sample one (BF1) and batch filter used for well water sample two (CF2) with porosity of 50.00%. Significantly, the results obtained show that the filters are suitable for point-of-use application in both the urban and rural areas of developing countries such as Nigeri

Compatibility of Electromagnetic (EM) Method and Geospatial Analysis for Identifying the Vulnerable Building Zonation in Coastline Area of Ado-Odo Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria

Collapsing of building incidents have been reported all over the world and seems to be commonespecially in sedimentary terrain of the coastal plain sand of Ado- Odo Ota which has the same subsurface features as the Lagos that experience regular building collapse. This building collapse is attributed to several causes. The reasons that have been identified, have added little or no impact on reducing this environmental disaster. This study presents the strength of emerging and existing geophysical tools for near-surface structural studies. The aim is to reveal the recent technical development on improving field surveys to minimize building collapse. Data acquisition using electromagnetic (EM) methods which are known for fast mapping of near-surface spatial variation as well as obtaining the subsurface vertical variation in electrical conductivity was adopted. The acquired spatial and attribute data was introduced in a GIS environment with different thematic vectors/layers created by digitizing the satellite image of the study area. The GIS digitizing was to geographically trace the acquired data with accurate coordinates from the obtained EM field data with the thematic layer representing the features such as weak zone and competence zones that can hold buildings. A transverse was taken in a strategic positions considering the regional features with 10 m spacing to cover the marked stations. It revealed the layer depths range from 0.37 to 1.64 m with the much competence layer found to be about 1.64 mbeyond which may be the thick clay Ilaro formation that underlies the recent formation. The weathered shear zone at the depth of 0.37 m may be the recent lithoral deposits which is geotechnically and geologicallyunstable and proximity to active faults of ruptured geomorphology of the building zonation