Interference Effects for Intermediate Energy Electron-Impact Ionization of H₂ and N₂ Molecules

We have studied electron impact ionization of H2 and N2 molecules at intermediate energies to look for possible two center interference effects experimentally and theoretically. Here we report a study of the interference factor I for 250 eV electron-impact ionization. The experimental measurements are performed using a crossed-beam-type electron-electron coincidence spectrometer and theoretical calculations are obtained using the Molecular Three Body Distorted Wave Approximation (M3DW). We found that the I-factor demonstrated strong evidence for two-center interference effects for both H2 and N2. We also found that the I-factor is more sensitive to projectile angular scans than to ejected electron energy scans which indicate that for the present set of kinematics the diffraction of the projectile from two scattering centers is more important than interference between electron waves emitted from two different centers

First Evidence of Interference Effects in the Ionization of N₂ Molecule

We will present an experimental and theoretical investigation of triple differential cross sections for electron- impact ionization of nitrogen molecules at intermediate energies. A discussion of interference effects contained in the theoretical and experimental interference factors will be presented

Young Double Slit Interference Effects at Quantum Level

The currently accepted model for quantum interference resulting from the emission of electron waves from two scattering centers induced by either light or charged particle impact is analogous to Young\u27s emission of two light waves from two slits. In this work we show that this simple classical wave model is incomplete and that there is a more complicated quantum interference pattern for low energy ionization caused by electron impact

Coplanar Asymmetric Angles and Symmetric Energy Sharing Triple Differential Cross Sections for 200 EV Electron-Impact Ionization of Ar (3p)

We have measured triple differential cross sections (TDCSs) for electron-impact ionization of the 3p shell of Ar at 200 eV incident electron energy. The experiments have been performed in coplanar asymmetric energy sharing geometry. The experimental results are compared with the theoretical models of three body distorted wave (3DW) and distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA)

Double Differential Cross-Sections for Electron Impact Ionization of Atoms and Molecules

The single ionizing collision between an incident electron and an atom/molecule ends up two kinds of outgoing electrons called scattered and ejected electrons. As features of electron impact ionization, these two types of electrons are indistinguishable. Double differential cross-sections (DDCS) can be obtained by measuring the energy and angular distributions of one of the two outgoing electrons with an electron analyzer. We used He, Ar, H2, and CH4 targets in order to understand the ionization mechanisms of atomic and molecular systems. We measured differential cross-sections (DCS) and double differential cross-sections at 250 eV electron impact energy. The elastic DCSs were measured for He, Ar, H2, and CH4, whereas the inelastic DCSs of He were obtained for 21P excitation level for 200 eV impact electron energy

Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of (e, 2e) Ionization of Argon 3p in Asymmetric Kinematics at Intermediate Energy

The field of electron-impact ionization of atoms, or (e, 2e), has provided significant detailed information about the physics of collisions. For ionization of hydrogen and helium, essentially exact numerical methods have been developed which can correctly predict what will happen. For larger atoms, we do not have theories of comparable accuracy. Considerable attention has been given to ionization of inert gases and, of the inert gases, argon seems to be the most difficult target for theory. There have been several studies comparing experiment and perturbative theoretical approaches over the last few decades, and generally qualitative but not quantitative agreement is found for intermediate energy incident electrons. Recently a nonperturbative method, the B-spline R-matrix (BSR) method, was introduced which appears to be very promising for ionization of heavier atoms. We have recently performed an experimental and theoretical investigation for ionization of argon, and we found that, although the BSR gave reasonably good agreement with experiment, there were also some cases of significant disagreement. The previous study was performed for 200-eV incident electrons and ejected electron energies of 15 and 20 eV. The purpose of the present work is to extend this study to a much larger range of ejected electron energies (15-50 eV) to see if theory gets better with increasing energy as would be expected for a perturbative calculation. The experimental results are compared with both the BSR and two different perturbative calculations

Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of (e, 2e) Ionization of Argon 3p in Asymmetric Kinematics at Intermediate Energy

The field of electron-impact ionization of atoms, or (e, 2e), has provided significant detailed information about the physics of collisions. For ionization of hydrogen and helium, essentially exact numerical methods have been developed which can correctly predict what will happen. For larger atoms, we do not have theories of comparable accuracy. Considerable attention has been given to ionization of inert gases and, of the inert gases, argon seems to be the most difficult target for theory. There have been several studies comparing experiment and perturbative theoretical approaches over the last few decades, and generally qualitative but not quantitative agreement is found for intermediate energy incident electrons. Recently a nonperturbative method, the B-spline R-matrix (BSR) method, was introduced which appears to be very promising for ionization of heavier atoms. We have recently performed an experimental and theoretical investigation for ionization of argon, and we found that, although the BSR gave reasonably good agreement with experiment, there were also some cases of significant disagreement. The previous study was performed for 200-eV incident electrons and ejected electron energies of 15 and 20 eV. The purpose of the present work is to extend this study to a much larger range of ejected electron energies (15-50 eV) to see if theory gets better with increasing energy as would be expected for a perturbative calculation. The experimental results are compared with both the BSR and two different perturbative calculations

Theoretical and experimental study of (e,2e) ionization of the CO₂ (1π\u3csub\u3eg\u3c/sub\u3e) molecule at 250 eV

Triple differential cross sections (TDCSs) of the electron-impact ionization of carbon dioxide are measured in the coplanar asymmetric geometry, with incident electron energy value of 250eV, and ejected electron of 37eV. We will report the experimental results in comparison with the theoretical calculations of the M3DW and TCC (type 5) calculations

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Electron beam irradiation processing for industrial and medical applications

In recent years, electron beam processing has been widely used for medical and industrial applications. Electron beam accelerators are reliable and durable equipments that can produce ionizing radiation when it is needed for a particular commercial use. On the industrial scale, accelerators are used to generate electrons in between 0.1-100 MeV energy range. These accelerators are used mainly in plastics, automotive, wire and electric cables, semiconductors, health care, aerospace and environmental industries, as well as numerous researches. This study presents the current applications of electron beam processing in medicine and industry. Also planned study of a design for such a system in the energy range of 200-300 keV is introduced