Preliminary thoughts upon the policies of the Ottoman State in the 16th century Indian Ocean

This article aims to sketch concisely about the relationships between the Ottomans and the Portuguese pertaining to the developments in the Indian Ocean in the first half of the 16th century. The purpose of the Portuguese Kingdom to establish hegemony in the eastern seas occurred in an era when Ottoman State’s borders reached nearly the central Europe. After annexing the Mamluk Sultanate, the Ottomans expanded its borders and became adjacent to the Indian Ocean. After having great efforts to be a vigorous power in the Black, Aegean and Mediterrenean Seas from the mid of the 15th century onwards, the Ottomans gave prominence on the advancement of the navy which was considered as complementary to the conventional army in the expansion of the state. Nonetheless, there are disputed accounts among the academicians pertaining to assessment of the Ottoman sea-power against its challenge to the Portuguese sea power in terms of the developments in the Indian Ocean

The issue of Bahasa Malayu from colonial to decolonial era

This paper illustrates a general picture of development of Bahasa Melayu in terms of its socializati on through out the colonial and de-colonial periods. Colonialism ought to be regarded to a larger extent, a reconstruction of the languages of the natives in their homeland. On the other hand, de-colonialism has witnessed the process of de- con str uction of existing language policies an d practices in n ewl y established nation -states. This is a process that cannot be alienated from the efforts of the colonial scholarly rulers, since they played a paramount role and functioned well pertaining to the use of Bahasa Melayu, though they did not plan for what appeared during the de- colonial era. To map the position of Bahasa Melayu during the different colonial periods, the investigation has been narrowed to certain fields focusing on the use of the language in an education system. Henceforth, it would be naïve to expect that the language issue would be settled in a short time after the independence. Wh en all steps and phases are traced, it would become clear that how the process was stressful and is still in evitably, at least to some extent, a national issue. It was during the British era and most of the post -in dependence era, that various types of policies were designed to rediscover the phenomen on of Bahasa Melayu in terms of history, sociology, culture and civilization. All the policies have played paramount roles and functioned as tools in the construction of cultural unity and nation -state formation in a successive manner. These transformations have led Bahasa Melayu to be brought into full existence normatively from a mere position of vernacular system wh ich was described as a malfunction during the colonial era. The attempts to design a national and official language are claimed as the cement of socio-political unity in the newly established nation-state. The language transformation process was smooth , in stead, it in cluded extremely challenging situations and contradictory encounters. The nation-state building during the decolonization has witnessed the growing competitiven ess between languages, not only the English and Bahasa Malayu but also Bahasa Malayu and minority languages as an expression of exoglossic policy and endoglossic policies

Effect of NUT parameter on the analytic extension of the Cauchy horizon that develop in colliding wave spacetimes

The Cauchy horizon forming colliding wave solution due to Chandrasekhar and Xanthopoulos (CX) has been generalized by inclusion of the NUT (Newman - Unti - Tamburino) parameter. This is done by transforming the part of the inner horizon region of a Kerr-Newman-NUT black hole into the space of colliding waves. By taking appropriate combination of Killing vectors and analytically extending beyond the Cauchy horizon the time-like hyperbolic sigularities are resolved as well. This provides another example of its kind among the type - D metrics with special emphasis on the role of the NUT parameter. Finally, it is shown that horizons of colliding higher dimensional plane waves obtained from the black p-branes undergoes a similar procedure of analytic extension.Comment: 26 pages. 3 ps figure