Intuitions of Punishment

Recent work reveals, contrary to wide-spread assumptions, remarkably high levels of agreement about how to rank order, by blameworthiness, wrongs that involve physical harms, takings of property, or deception in exchanges. In The Origins of Shared Intuitions of Justice (http://ssrn.com/abstract=952726) we proposed a new explanation for these unexpectedly high levels of agreement. Elsewhere in this issue, Professors Braman, Kahan, and Hoffman offer a critique of our views, to which we reply here. Our reply clarifies a number of important issues, such as the interconnected roles that culture, variation, and evolutionary processes play in generating intuitions of punishment

Plant growth regulator herbicide symptoms in soybean

During the past few weeks, reports have been numerous of soybean plants with symptoms mimicking plant growth regulator (PGR) herbicide damage. Leaf cupping and malformation in soybean are not well understood; however, it seems that there are at least three circumstances that may lead to these symptoms: soybean plants are exposed to a plant PGR herbicide (e.g., 2,4-D and dicamba); application of a postemergence herbicide to soybean induces the response, and environmental conditions stimulate the symptoms

Preventing early-season weed competition

Controlling weeds with a total postemergence program can be accomplished consistently in both corn and soybean with the highly effective herbicides available. However, achieving both effective weed control and maximum yields requires good management and Mother Nature\u27s cooperation. This article focuses on the importance of application timing in controlling weeds that emerge with corn

Managing Poison Hemlock in No-till

Poison hemlock, a biennial in the carrot family (Apiaceae), is becoming more common in crop fields as no-till acres increase. Infestations typically start in fencerows or other less-intensively managed areas and creep into production fields. Like other biennial weeds, its tolerance to control tactics increase rapidly as the plant moves from a vegetative rosette to reproductive stages in early spring

Status and concerns for glyphosate resistance

Glyphosate resistance was first reported in 1996 from rigid ryegrasss in an orchard in Australia. Subsequently, several additional glyphosate-resistant weed populations have been identified: rigid ryegrass in a wheat production system in Australia and in California; Italian ryegrass in Chile; goosegrass in Malaysia; and horseweed (marestail) in the eastern, midwestern, and southeastern United States. The resistance mechanism in goosegrass is due to an altered target site, whereas the mechanism in the other weeds is under investigation

Realistic expectations for herbicides

Black cutworm is a pest of corn in Iowa, occasionally causing economic loss. Cooperators around Iowa assist Iowa State University integrated pest management staff in determining when black cutworm adults arrive from overwintering sites near the Gulf Coast. A network of pheromone traps shows that two major black cutworm flights occurred in Iowa this spring, the first on April 14 and the second on April 18-20. Both flights were reported across the entire state

Dicamba and Dicamba-Resistant Soybean Varieties

On February 3, 2016, Monsanto announced commercial launch plans for soybean varieties resistant to dicamba and glyphosate (designated Roundup Ready 2 Xtend varieties). This announcement followed China’s decision to approve grain from these varieties for import. Many weed management practitioners hope the use of this new technology will improve control of challenging weeds, including those with evolved resistance to glyphosate and herbicides from other groups. Weed science programs across the United States have evaluated this technology for several years, conducting field research to better understand the technology and how it might be best utilized in soybean production systems

Effective management of postemergence programs

Total postemergence weed management programs are not new, but the introduction of herbicide- resistant crops has increased the interest in this strategy. The broad-spectrum activity and ability to kill large weeds with products such as Liberty, Lightning, Roundup, and others provide growers with greater flexibility in application timing than was previously available. This flexibility has raised questions whether one-pass, total postemergence programs are a reasonable weed management goal for corn and soybean production

New products and significant label changes

The following is a brief description of new herbicide products or significant label changes. Failure to mention specific products is not intentional and does not imply that Iowa State University (ISU) does not recommend these products. Accent Gold is a four-active-ingredient (a.i.) product, containing nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, flumetsulam, and clopyralid. The rates of nicosulfuron and rimsulfuron are the same as found in Basis Gold, but flumetsulam and clopyralid (the same active ingredients and ratio as found in Hornet) have been substituted for atrazine. The product is targeted for producers who like the concept of Basis Gold, but do not want to use atrazine

Troublesome Palmer Amaranth Expanding Its Range

Many people are aware of the problems Palmer amaranth is causing farmers in the mid-south and southeast United States. Palmer amaranth is a close relative to Iowa’s number one weed problem – waterhemp. Like waterhemp, Palmer amaranth is a species with a propensity to evolve herbicide resistance. Glyphosate resistant Palmer amaranth devastated the cotton industry, which has fewer chemical options than available in corn and soybean. This article will describe Palmer amaranth and the risk of it appearing in Iowa