Virtual Process Modelling Informed by Organisational Semiotics: A Case of Higher Education Admission

Part 2: Organizational Semiotics and ApplicationsInternational audienceThe purpose of this study is to explore virtual process modelling based on organisational semiotics and WebML. The Internet and the Web afford opportunities to virtualize physical processes. Research on process virtualization has so far focused on theorizing or testing which activities can or cannot be virtualized. However, studies on virtual process modelling remains limited. This study therefore uses a university’s admission process as a case to explore virtual process modelling in a higher education environment

Type I interferon protects mice from fatal neurotropic infection with Langat virus by systemic and local anti-viral response.

Vector-borne flaviviruses such as tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), West Nile virus and dengue virus cause millions of infections in humans. TBEV causes a broad range of pathological symptoms ranging from meningitis to severe encephalitis or even hemorrhagic fever with high mortality. Despite the availability of an effective vaccine, incidence of TBEV infections is increasing. Not much is known about the role of the innate immune system in the control of TBEV infections. Here, we show that the type I interferon (IFN) system is essential for protection against TBEV and Langat virus (LGTV) in mice. In the absence of a functional IFN system, mice rapidly develop neurological symptoms and succumb to LGTV and TBEV infections. Type I IFN system deficiency results in severe neuro-inflammation in LGTV-infected mice characterized by breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and infiltration of macrophages into the central nervous system (CNS). Using mice with tissue-specific IFN receptor deletions, we show that a coordinated activation of the type I IFN system in peripheral tissues as well as in the CNS is indispensable for viral control and protection against virus induced inflammation and fatal encephalitis. IMPORTANCE: The type I interferon (IFN) system is important to control viral infections, however, the interactions between tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and the type I IFN system is poorly characterized. TBEV causes severe infections in humans that are characterized by fever and debilitating encephalitis, which can progress to chronic illness or death. No treatment options are available. An improved understanding of antiviral innate immune responses is pivotal for the development of effective therapeutics. We show that type I IFN, an effector molecule of the innate immune system is responsible for the extended survival of TBEV and Langat virus (LGTV), an attenuated member of the TBE serogroup. IFN production and signaling appeared to be essential in two different phases during infection: first in the periphery, by reducing systemic LGTV replication and spreading into the central nervous system (CNS). Secondly, the local IFN response in the CNS prevents virus-induced inflammation and the development of encephalitis