THE DEVELOPMENT OF LOGICAL THINKING IN JUNIOR STUDENTS THROUGH PROJECT-BASED LEARNING

El artículo da una nueva mirada al método de desarrollo del pensamiento lógico en alumnos de tercer año basado en la correlación entre el modelo original y el que hace posible, a diferencia de los métodos tradicionales, desarrollar el pensamiento del habla, las estructuras intelectuales y las operaciones lógicas de los alumnos de manera más efectiva. . Con la ayuda de los enfoques epistemológico, de actividad sistémica y de entorno, se determina una estrategia para desarrollar el pensamiento lógico de los alumnos a través del aprendizaje basado en proyectos que se basa en la correlación entre el modelo original y el original. Asegura el desarrollo efectivo de a) la actividad intelectual de los escolares b) el pensamiento c) la memoria lógica. El estudio demuestra la efectividad de la tecnología presentada, lo que implica 1) sumergirse en el proyecto, así como especificar sus metas y objetivos; 2) organizar y planificar las actividades de los alumnos; 3) resolver las etapas principales del proyecto; 4) llevar a cabo el proyecto y su presentación; 5) evaluar los resultados. Con base en los datos de la investigación, se destacaron los siguientes criterios: análisis, síntesis, comparación, clasificación, generalización y algunos otros criterios que permitieron determinar tres niveles del desarrollo del fenómeno en cuestión. Nuestro método proporciona una mejora significativa de los resultados de la investigación y garantiza la formación de actividades de investigación, informativas, regulatorias y analíticas de aprendizaje universal (ULA). La evaluación de la efectividad y validez del método propuesto se corrobora mediante cálculos para el criterio de Fisher (criterio φ *). Los resultados comparativos de la investigación antes y después del experimento a alto nivel son 3.564. Los valores empíricos obtenidos de φ * están en el área de significancia. H0 se rechaza (el eje de significancia = 1.64–2.31). Por lo tanto, el método en cuestión tiene un grave impacto en el desarrollo del pensamiento lógico a través del aprendizaje basado en proyectos de alumnos menores.O artigo analisa o método de desenvolver o raciocínio lógico em alunos juniores com base na correlação entre o original e o modelo e possibilita, diferentemente dos métodos tradicionais, desenvolver o raciocínio, estruturas intelectuais e operações lógicas dos alunos de maneira mais eficaz. Com o auxílio das abordagens epistemológicas, de atividade sistêmica e do meio, é determinada uma estratégia para o desenvolvimento do pensamento lógico dos alunos por meio da aprendizagem baseada em projetos, baseada na correlação entre o original e o modelo. Garante o desenvolvimento efetivo de a) atividade intelectual das crianças em idade escolar b) pensamento c) memória lógica. O estudo comprova a eficácia da tecnologia apresentada, que implica 1) imersão no projeto, além de especificar suas metas e objetivos; 2) organização e planejamento das atividades dos alunos; 3) elaboração das principais etapas do projeto; 4) realização do projeto e sua apresentação; 5) avaliando os resultados. Com base nos dados da pesquisa, foram destacados os seguintes critérios: análise, síntese, comparação, classificação, generalização e outros critérios que permitiram determinar três níveis de desenvolvimento do fenômeno em questão. Nosso método fornece uma melhoria significativa dos resultados da pesquisa e garante a formação de atividades de aprendizagem universais (ULAs) informativas, regulatórias e analíticas. A avaliação da eficácia e validade do método proposto é corroborada por cálculos para o critério de Fisher (critério φ *). Os resultados comparativos da pesquisa antes e após o experimento em alto nível são 3.564. Os valores empíricos obtidos de φ * estão na área de significância. H0 é rejeitado (o eixo de significância = 1.64-2.31). Assim, o método em questão tem um sério impacto no desenvolvimento do pensamento lógico através da aprendizagem baseada em projetos de alunos juniores.The article takes a new look at the method of developing logical thinking in junior students based on the correlation between the original and the model and making it possible, unlike traditional methods, to develop students’ speech thinking, intellectual structures, and logical operations more effectively. With the aid of the epistemological, systemic-activity, and milieu approaches, a strategy for developing students’ logical thinking through project-based learning that is premised on the correlation between the original and the model is determined. It ensures the effective development of a) schoolchildren’s intellectual activity b) thinking c) logical memory. The study proves the effectiveness of the presented technology, that implies 1) immersing in the project as well as specifying its goals and objectives; 2) organizing and planning students’ activities; 3) working out the main stages of the project; 4) carrying out the project and its presentation; 5) evaluating the results. Based on the research data, the following criteria were singled out analysis, synthesis, comparison, classification, generalization, and some other criteria, which allowed determining three levels of the development of the phenomenon in question. Our method provides for a significant improvement of the results of the research and ensures the formation of research, informational, regulatory, and analytical universal learning activities (ULAs). The assessment of the effectiveness and validity of the proposed method are corroborated by calculations for the Fisher’s criterion (φ*-criterion). The comparative results of the research before and after the experiment at the high level are 3.564. The obtained empirical values of φ * are in the area of significance. H0 is rejected (the significance axis = 1.64–2.31). Thus, the method in question has a serious impact on the development of logical thinking through project-based learning of junior students

Успешный опыт комплексного лечения больных местно-распространенным и метастатическим раком (аденокарциномой) анального канала: клинические наблюдения

Adenocarcinoma of the anal canal is a rare cancer. There are a few publications dedicated to this problem only, since patients with this nosological entity are combined with groups of those with lower ampullary cancer of the rectum (despite differences in the nature of these diseases). This paper describes 2 clinical cases of multistep combination treatment for locally advanced and disseminated cancer (adenocarcinoma) of the anal canal. It shows that it is appropriate to apply an aggregate approach to diagnosing this rare disease. Successful experience in treating patients with locally advanced and disseminated cancer of the anal canal is demonstrated. Nonstandard therapeutic approaches and clinical decisions are used. Magnetic resonance imaging was a key technique to diagnose local disease advance in both cases. Radiation sensitizers with different mechanisms of action were used during chemotherapy; preference was given to organ-sparing surgical treatment in the patient with metastatic cancer to maintain quality of life. The paper gives a concise literature review of current methods for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. Despite the fact that there are no uniform standards, most authors adhere to the opinion that treatment should be started with prolonged chemoradiation therapy cycles followed by surgery. The treatment of patients with the isseminated forms of the disease is strictly individual and calls for a special approach, by taking into account of quality of life and prognosis in a patient.Аденокарцинома анального канала – редкое онкологическое заболевание. Существует немного публикаций, посвященных только данной проблеме, так как обычно пациентов с этой нозологией объединяют с группами больных раком нижнеампулярного отдела прямой кишки (несмотря на различия в природе этих заболеваний). В данной статье представлено 2 клинических наблюдения комплексного многоэтапного лечения местно-распространенного и диссеминированного рака (аденокарциномы) анального канала. Нами показана целесообразность совокупного подхода в диагностике данного редкого заболевания. Продемонстрирован успешный опыт лечения больных местно-распространенным и диссеминированным раком анального канала. Использованы нестандартные лечебные подходы и клинические решения. Ключевым методом диагностики локального распространения заболевания в обоих случаях была магнитно-резонансная томография. В рамках химиолучевой терапии были использованы радиосенсибилизаторы различного механизма действия, у больной с метастатической формой заболевания было отдано предпочтение органосохранному хирургическому лечению в целях поддержания качества жизни. В статье представлен краткий литературный обзор современных методов диагностики и лечения данного заболевания. Несмотря на отсутствие единых стандартов, большинство авторов придерживаются мнения о том, что лечение следует начинать с пролонгированных курсов химиолучевой терапии (с последующим хирургическим вмешательством). Лечение пациентов с диссеминированными формами заболевания строго индивидуально и требует особого подхода с учетом качества жизни и прогноза больного

Пероральные фторпиримидины в предоперационной химиолучевой терапии больных операбельным раком прямой кишки

Background. The aim of this study was to compare short and long-term outcomes after neoadjuvant short-course chemoradiotherapy with capecitabine ot tegafur for operable rectal cancer.Materials and methods. Patients with histologycally verified Т3N0M0, Т2–3N1–2M0 rectal cancer, who underwent 5 × 5 Gy neoadjuvant radiotherapy with local 41–45 °C hyperthermia on days 3–5 and metronidazole 10 g/m2 per rectum days 3, 5 were randomized to receive capecitabine 1000 mg/m2 bid per os days 1–14 or tegafur 400 mg/m2 bid per os days 1–21. Toxicity, tumor regression, sphincter preservation rate and long-term outcomes were analyzed.Results. During 2011–2013 26 patients were included in the tegafur group and 30 – in capecitabine group. Overall toxicity was 50 % in the tegafur arm and 36.7 % in the capecitabine arm (p = 0.42), grade III–IV toxicity (diarrhoea was the most common grade 3+ event) was observed in 23.1 % and 6.7 % (p = 0.13) patients accordingly. Grade III–IV tumor regression was observed in 34.6 % patients, who received tegafur and 53.3 % (p = 0.12) patients who received capecitabine. Sphincter-sparing surgery was performed in 84.6 % and 100 % (p = 0.04) patients who received tegafur and capecitabine accordingly. Median follow-up was 31.6 and 32.2 months accordingly. 3-year overall survival in capecitabine and tegafur arms was 95.4 and 82.1 % (р = 0.13), 3-year disease-free survival – 91 and 74 % (р = 0.029).Conclusions. Both fluorpyrimidines demonstrated comparable short-term outcomes with a tendency to better results in the capecitabine arm.Введение. Целью данного исследования было сравнить непосредственные и отдаленные результаты короткого курса предопера­ ционной химиолучевой терапии у больных раком прямой кишки, получавших капецитабин или тегафур.Материалы и методы. В исследование включались пациенты с гистологически верифицированным раком прямой кишки стадий Т3N0M0, Т2–3N1–2M0, которым проводилась предоперационная лучевая терапия 5 × 5 Гр с использованием локальной гипер­ термии 41–45 °С в 3–5-й дни и введение метронидазола 10 г/м2 ректально в 3-й и 5-й дни. Больные были рандомизированы на 2 груп­ пы и получали химиотерапию препаратами фторпиримидина: капецитабином 1000 мг/м2 2 раза в сут перорально в 1–14-й дни или те­ гафуром 400 мг/м2 2 раза в сут перорально в 1–21-й дни. Оценивали токсичность терапии, лечебный патоморфоз, частоту сфинктеросохраняющих операций и отдаленные результаты.Результаты. За 2011–2013 гг. в исследование включили 30 пациентов в группу капецитабина и 26 – в группу тегафура. Общая токсичность составила 36,7 и 50,0 % соответственно (р = 0,42), диарея III степени (наиболее частый побочный эффект) – 23,1 и 6,7 % соответственно (р = 0,13). Лечебный патоморфоз III–IV степени отмечался у у 53,3 % пациентов, получавших капеци­ табин, и 34,6 % пациентов, получавших тегафур (р = 0,12). Сфинктеросохраняющие операции выполнены 100 и 84,6 % пациен­тов соответственно (р = 0,04). Медиана наблюдения составила 32,2 и 31,6 мес в группах капецитабина и тегафура соответ­ ственно. Трехлетняя общая выживаемость в группах капецитабина и тегафура составила и 95,4 и 82,1 % (р = 0,13) соответственно, безрецидивная выживаемость – 91 и 74 % (р = 0,029) соответственно.Выводы. Оба фторпиримидина продемонстрировали схожие непосредственные результаты лечения, отмечена тенденция к луч­шим непосредственным результатам в группе капецитабина

Successful experience in combination treatment for locally advanced and metastatic cancer (adenocarcinoma) of the anal canal: сlinical cases

Adenocarcinoma of the anal canal is a rare cancer. There are a few publications dedicated to this problem only, since patients with this nosological entity are combined with groups of those with lower ampullary cancer of the rectum (despite differences in the nature of these diseases). This paper describes 2 clinical cases of multistep combination treatment for locally advanced and disseminated cancer (adenocarcinoma) of the anal canal. It shows that it is appropriate to apply an aggregate approach to diagnosing this rare disease. Successful experience in treating patients with locally advanced and disseminated cancer of the anal canal is demonstrated. Nonstandard therapeutic approaches and clinical decisions are used. Magnetic resonance imaging was a key technique to diagnose local disease advance in both cases. Radiation sensitizers with different mechanisms of action were used during chemotherapy; preference was given to organ-sparing surgical treatment in the patient with metastatic cancer to maintain quality of life. The paper gives a concise literature review of current methods for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. Despite the fact that there are no uniform standards, most authors adhere to the opinion that treatment should be started with prolonged chemoradiation therapy cycles followed by surgery. The treatment of patients with the isseminated forms of the disease is strictly individual and calls for a special approach, by taking into account of quality of life and prognosis in a patient

Oral fluorpyrimidines in preoperative chemoradiotherapy for operable rectal cancer

Background. The aim of this study was to compare short and long-term outcomes after neoadjuvant short-course chemoradiotherapy with capecitabine ot tegafur for operable rectal cancer.Materials and methods. Patients with histologycally verified Т3N0M0, Т2–3N1–2M0 rectal cancer, who underwent 5 × 5 Gy neoadjuvant radiotherapy with local 41–45 °C hyperthermia on days 3–5 and metronidazole 10 g/m2 per rectum days 3, 5 were randomized to receive capecitabine 1000 mg/m2 bid per os days 1–14 or tegafur 400 mg/m2 bid per os days 1–21. Toxicity, tumor regression, sphincter preservation rate and long-term outcomes were analyzed.Results. During 2011–2013 26 patients were included in the tegafur group and 30 – in capecitabine group. Overall toxicity was 50 % in the tegafur arm and 36.7 % in the capecitabine arm (p = 0.42), grade III–IV toxicity (diarrhoea was the most common grade 3+ event) was observed in 23.1 % and 6.7 % (p = 0.13) patients accordingly. Grade III–IV tumor regression was observed in 34.6 % patients, who received tegafur and 53.3 % (p = 0.12) patients who received capecitabine. Sphincter-sparing surgery was performed in 84.6 % and 100 % (p = 0.04) patients who received tegafur and capecitabine accordingly. Median follow-up was 31.6 and 32.2 months accordingly. 3-year overall survival in capecitabine and tegafur arms was 95.4 and 82.1 % (р = 0.13), 3-year disease-free survival – 91 and 74 % (р = 0.029).Conclusions. Both fluorpyrimidines demonstrated comparable short-term outcomes with a tendency to better results in the capecitabine arm

Cnidaria: Anthozoans in the Hot Seat

Cnidarians comprise a diverse and phylogenetically basal phylum, some of which—such as scleractinian corals (Anthozoa)—are responsible for the formation and maintenance of ecosystems. Anthozoan immunology is a relatively new field, yet has great potential to inform invertebrate immunology, medicine, as well as coral reef conservation and restoration. Here we review cnidarian innate immune mechanisms in the context of invertebrate effector responses. We focus on anthozoans and discuss the blurred boundary between immune and stress responses. We conclude by high 1ighting unique aspects of coral biology and exploring the role of immunology in coral reef conservation and restoration through climate change