Salutogenesis and migration

In this chapter, the authors give a brief overview of research on salutogenesis and migration, including both forced and voluntary migration. Salutogenesis has been used to frame labour migration and how people respond and adapt to new cultural contexts. The focus is mainly on forced migration, i.e. the case of refugees. The authors consider research framed by the Salutogenic Model of Health and research with refugees that uses the broader ‘salutogenic’ approach. They conclude by discussing how salutogenesis adds insight – but may also induce distraction – in the study of refugee migration.publishedVersio

A new life in Norway: the adaptation experiences of unaccompanied refugee minor girls

Introduction In recent times, record numbers of unaccompanied refugee minors (URMs) have settled in Norway. Many researchers have investigated the myriad challenges URMs face when settling in the countries of refuge, but fewer have focused on the strategies they use and resources they draw upon. Moreover, the dominant focus is on unaccompanied minor boys’ experiences because they are overrepresented in this group. Unaccompanied minor girls are therefore less visible within URM research. The aim of our study was to explore the experiences of URM girls’ adaptation to life in Norway focusing on their strengths, and to examine the social and structural factors that influence settlement. Method This was a qualitative study and data was collected by conducting narrative interviews with six girls/young women aged between 15 and 20, who came to Norway as unaccompanied refugee minors. We applied a resource-based approach by using resilience and acculturation as our analytical framework. Findings Participants in our study had adapted well to their new lives in Norway, based on academic, social and linguistic success. They exhibited strengths through actively gaining skills and building networks to help them to adapt to a new life in Norway. However, some of them experienced tension between the need to belong, which meant adopting an assimilation acculturation strategy and the need to hold onto their own cultural identity, an integration strategy. Conclusion URM girls/ young women may have a greater need for emotional connection and support from female caregivers during the settlement. It is important that more research is done that highlights the gender dimension of URMs’ girls/ young women’s experiences during settlement to make sure that their needs are adequately catered for.publishedVersio

Minimum 1D velocity model and local magnitude scale for Myanmar

Earthquake monitoring in Myanmar has improved in recent years because of an increased number of seismic stations. This provides a good quality dataset to derive a minimum 1D velocity model and local magnitude (⁠ML⁠) scale for the Myanmar region, which will improve the earthquake location and magnitude estimates in this region. We combined and reprocessed earthquake catalogs from the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology of Myanmar and the International Seismological Centre. Additional waveform data from various sources were processed as well. A total of 419 earthquakes were selected based on azimuthal gap, minimum number of stations, and root mean square travel‐time residuals. A set of initial seismic velocity models was derived from various seismic velocity models. These models were randomly perturbed and used as initial models in a coupled hypocenter and 1D seismic velocity inversion procedure. We compared the average mean travel‐time residuals from the initial and inverted models. The best final model showed an improvement of location standard errors compared to the old model. Furthermore, the local magnitude scale inversion for the Myanmar region was performed using 194 earthquakes having a minimum of two amplitude observations. The following ML scale was obtained ML=logA(nm)+1.485×logR(km)+0.00118×R(km)−2.77+S. This scale is valid for hypocentral distance up to 1000 km and magnitudes up to ML 6.2.acceptedVersio

Norwegian music students’ perceptions and experiences of challenges and resources for health

Introduction: Music students in higher education experience health-related challenges linked to practice and performance, while an understanding of these challenges and access to resources to deal with them are required to promote the students´ health. Health literacy and health education are integral parts of health promotion and resources for health, which encompasses health-related knowledge and competence aiming to improve health. The aim of this study was to explore Norwegian music students’ perceptions and experiences of resources and challenges for health and address the following research question: What health-related challenges do music students in higher music education meet, and what health promoting resources do they need and use to deal with these challenges and promote their health? Methods: We conducted a qualitative study including three focus group interviews with 13 music students aged between 19 and 31 years studying classical, folk, jazz or rhythmic genres from five different music departments in Norwegian universities. The Salutogenic model of health was used as theoretical framework and a few questions regarding the concept of health literacy were included in the interviews. We used thematic network analysis to analyze the data. Results: Main health challenges were related to performance pressure and difficulties implementing good health habits in the students` daily lives. Furthermore, the findings revealed several resources that promoted the students’ health: (1) Personal resources included situational understanding, using adequate coping strategies, high motivation and participating in regular physical activity. (2) Social resources involved an understanding of the importance of social support from peers and teachers and synergy created between themselves and the audience through sharing of music. (3) Environmental resources were linked to access to good rehearsal rooms. The music students expressed a need for increased competence in health promoting routines during practice and performance and suggested that health-related topics should be an integrated part of education.publishedVersio

Toward Waveform-Based Characterization of Slab & Mantle Wedge (SAM) Earthquakes

Earthquakes in subduction zones occur in the slab mantle, in the subducting crust, on the subduction plate interface, and, in some cases, in the mantle wedge–regions that are separated by strong seismic discontinuities. These discontinuities are typically imaged with techniques using teleseismic waves, while local earthquakes are located based on arrival times. While this combination of imaging and earthquake location provides a good initial overview of where the earthquakes are located, the uncertainties associated with the two approaches are too large (i.e., few kilometers) to robustly identify on which side of a discontinuity (with thickness urn:x-wiley:21699313:media:jgrb55116:jgrb55116-math-0001100 m) the earthquakes occurred. Here we investigate how the waveforms of local earthquakes, which contain secondary phases arising from wave scattering at discontinuities, can be exploited to determine the source region of subduction zone earthquakes more robustly. Our investigation involves a three-step approach and includes an application to data from western Greece. First, to identify characteristic secondary phases, we analyzed synthetic seismograms from a generic 2-D subduction zone. Second, to enhance the visibility of secondary phases in field data, we implemented a workflow to process three-component seismograms. Third, to identify individual secondary phases in the data, we matched their timing to arrivals computed in a 3-D velocity model. We identified on average two to three secondary arrivals per station. These include P- and S-reflections from the plate interface which indicate hypocenters in the mantle wedge, and P-reflections from the slab Moho which indicate hypocenters on the plate interface and in the subducting crust.publishedVersio

Implications of 3D Seismic Raytracing on Focal Mechanism Determination

The purpose of this study is to investigate apparent first‐motion polarities mismatch at teleseismic distances in the determination of focal mechanism. We implement and compare four seismic raytracing algorithms to compute ray paths and travel times in 1D and 3D velocity models. We use the raytracing algorithms to calculate the takeoff angles from the hypocenter of the 24 August 2016 Mw 6.8 Chauk earthquake (depth 90 km) in central Myanmar to the stations BFO, GRFO, KONO, and ESK in Europe using a 3D velocity model of the upper mantle below Asia. The differences in the azimuthal angles calculated in the 1D and 3D velocity models are considerable and have a maximum value of 19.6°. Using the takeoff angles for the 3D velocity model, we are able to resolve an apparent polarity mismatch where these stations move from the dilatational to the compressional quadrant. The polarities of synthetic waveforms change accordingly when we take the takeoff angles corresponding to the 3D model into account. This method has the potential to improve the focal mechanism solutions, especially for historical earthquakes where limited waveform data are available.acceptedVersio

Extending local magnitude ML to short distances

Local magnitudes calculated at stations less than 10 km from earthquakes in the British Isles are up to one unit of magnitude higher than local magnitudes calculated at more distant stations. This causes a considerable overestimate of the event magnitude, particularly for small events, which are only recorded at short distances. Data from Central Italy and Norway show that the same problem also occurs in other regions, suggesting that this is a more general issue for local magnitude scales. We investigate the addition of a new exponential term to the general form of the local magnitude scale. This corrects for the higher-than-expected amplitudes at short hypocentral distances. We find that the addition of this new term improves magnitude estimates in the three studied regions and magnitudes at short distances are no longer overestimated. This allows the use of a single scale that can be used at all distances, with a smooth transition between short and long distances. For the UK, the amended scale is M L =log(amp) +1.11log(r)+0.00189r−1.16e −0.2r −2.09 ML =log⁡(amp) +1.11log⁡(r)+0.00189r−1.16e−0.2r−2.09 and this is the scale now used by the British Geological Survey

Seismicity modulation due to hydrological loading in a stable continental region: A case study from the Jektvik swarm sequence in Northern Norway

Seismic swarms have been observed for more than 40 yr along the coast of Nordland, Northern Norway. However, the detailed spatio-temporal evolution and mechanisms of these swarms have not yet been resolved due to the historically sparse seismic station coverage. An increased number of seismic stations now allows us to study a nearly decade-long sequence of swarms in the Jektvik area during the 2013–2021 time window. Our analysis resolves four major groups of seismic events, each consisting of several spatial clusters, that have distinct spatial and temporal behaviours. Computed focal mechanism solutions are predominantly normal with NNE–SSW strike direction reflecting a near-vertical maximum principal stress and a NW–SE near-horizontal minimum principal stress, which are controlled by local NW–SE extension. We attribute the swarms to fluid-saturated fracture zones that are reactivated due to this local extension. Over the time period, the activity tends to increase between February and May, which coincides with the late winter and beginning of spring time in Norway. We hypothesize that the seismicity is modulated seasonally by hydrological loading from snow accumulation. This transient hydrological load results in elastic deformation that is observed at local Global Navigation Satellite System stations. The loading is shown to promote failure in a critically stressed normal faulting system. Once a segment is activated, it can then also trigger neighboring segments via stress transfer. Our new results point to a close link between lithosphere and hydrosphere contributing to the occurrence of seismic swarm activity in northern Norway.publishedVersio

Norwegian music students’ perceptions and experiences of challenges and resources for health

IntroductionMusic students in higher education experience health-related challenges linked to practice and performance, while an understanding of these challenges and access to resources to deal with them are required to promote the students´ health. Health literacy and health education are integral parts of health promotion and resources for health, which encompasses health-related knowledge and competence aiming to improve health. The aim of this study was to explore Norwegian music students’ perceptions and experiences of resources and challenges for health and address the following research question: What health-related challenges do music students in higher music education meet, and what health promoting resources do they need and use to deal with these challenges and promote their health?MethodsWe conducted a qualitative study including three focus group interviews with 13 music students aged between 19 and 31 years studying classical, folk, jazz or rhythmic genres from five different music departments in Norwegian universities. The Salutogenic model of health was used as theoretical framework and a few questions regarding the concept of health literacy were included in the interviews. We used thematic network analysis to analyze the data.ResultsMain health challenges were related to performance pressure and difficulties implementing good health habits in the students` daily lives. Furthermore, the findings revealed several resources that promoted the students’ health: (1) Personal resources included situational understanding, using adequate coping strategies, high motivation and participating in regular physical activity. (2) Social resources involved an understanding of the importance of social support from peers and teachers and synergy created between themselves and the audience through sharing of music. (3) Environmental resources were linked to access to good rehearsal rooms. The music students expressed a need for increased competence in health promoting routines during practice and performance and suggested that health-related topics should be an integrated part of education