Modelling interventions during a dengue outbreak

We present a stochastic dynamical model for the transmission of dengue that considers the co-evolution of the spatial dynamics of the vectors (Aedes aegypti) and hosts (human population), allowing the simulation of control strategies adapted to the actual evolution of an epidemic outbreak. We observed that imposing restrictions on the movement of infected humans is not a highly effective strategy. In contrast, isolating infected individuals with high levels of compliance by the human population is efficient even when implemented with delays during an ongoing outbreak. We also studied insecticide-spraying strategies assuming different (hypothetical) efficiencies. We observed that highly efficient fumigation strategies seem to be effective during an outbreak. Nevertheless, taking into account the controversial results on the use of spraying as a single control strategy, we suggest that carrying out combined strategies of fumigation and isolation during an epidemic outbreak should account for a suitable strategy for the attenuation of epidemic outbreaks.Fil: Barmak, Daniel Hernan. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Física; Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; Argentina;Fil: Dorso, Claudio Oscar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Física; Argentina;Fil: Otero, Marcelo Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Física; Argentina;Fil: Solari, Hernan Gustavo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Física; Argentina

A mathematically assisted reconstruction of the initial focus of the yellow fever outbreak in Buenos Aires (1871)

We discuss the historic mortality record corresponding to the initial focus of the yellow fever epidemic outbreak registered in Buenos Aires during the year 1871 as compared to simulations of a stochastic population dynamics model. This model incorporates the biology of the urban vector of yellow fever, the mosquito Aedes aegypti, the stages of the disease in the human being as well as the spatial extension of the epidemic utbreak.After introducing the historical context and the restrictions it puts on  initial conditions and ecological parameters, we discuss the general features of the simulation and the dependence on initial conditions and available sites for breeding the vector. We discuss the sensitivity, to the free parameters, of statistical estimators such as: nal death toll, day of the year when the outbreak reached half the total mortality and the normalized daily mortality, showing some striking regularities. The model is precise and accurate enough to discuss the truthfulness of the  resently accepted historic discussions of the epidemic causes, showing that there are more likely scenarios for the historic facts.Fil: Fernández, María Laura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Computación; Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina;Fil: Otero, Marcelo Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Física; Argentina;Fil: Schweigmann, Nicolas Joaquin. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; Argentina;Fil: Solari, Hernan Gustavo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Física; Argentina

Effects of Thermal Heterogeneity and Egg Mortality on Differences in the Population Dynamics of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Over Short Distances in Temperate Argentina

In temperate regions, the seasonal dynamics of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) is mainly influenced by temperature, whereas the probability of local extinction depends on the egg mortality during the cold season. The aim of the current study was to assess the importance of temperature and egg mortality in determining the differences in the oviposition dynamics of Ae. aegypti between favorable and less favorable areas in Buenos Aires City (Argentina). Year-round temperature dynamics were monitored, and oviposition dynamics were experimentally studied with ovitraps at two sites. Daily egg mortality values were calculated from a previous study performed at the same sites. The relative contribution of the differences in temperature and egg mortality between sites to the oviposition dynamics was assessed by means of a mathematical stochastic population dynamics model for Ae. aegypti. The results showed higher temperature and lower daily egg mortality at the site where higher oviposition activity was recorded. A larger influence of temperature than of egg mortality on population abundance during most of the activity season was detected in the results of the simulations. Our results showed a temperature gradient that relates to the distance to the Río de la Plata river and contributes to explaining the spatial heterogeneity in Ae. aegypti population abundances previously reported. The hypothesis of local extinctions because of egg mortality during the winter was not supported by the present analysis. The differences between field oviposition dynamics and simulation results suggest that rainfall might also be an important variable under extremely dry conditions.Fil: de Majo, María Sol. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución. Grupo de Estudio de Mosquitos; Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; Argentina;Fil: Fischer, Sylvia Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución. Grupo de Estudio de Mosquitos; Argentina;Fil: Otero, Marcelo Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Física; Argentina;Fil: Schweigmann, Nicolas Joaquin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución. Grupo de Estudio de Mosquitos; Argentina

¿Qué son las camas biológicas o biobeds?

Las camas biológicas o biobeds son una herramienta tecnológica sencilla de bajo costo, que permite captar y degradar los productos fitosanitarios provenientes de la limpieza de los equipos de aplicación y de derrames accidentales que pudiesen ocurrir durante la preparación del caldo y el llenado de los equipos, evitándose de esta manera la contaminación del suelo y fuentes de agua.Instituto de Floricultura, INTAFil: Rubio, Esteban Julián. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Floricultura; ArgentinaFil: Rivas, María del Carmen. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Suelos; ArgentinaFil: Otero Estrada, Edit. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Suelos; ArgentinaFil: Rörig, Marcela Laura. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Suelos; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez, Analía. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Suelos; ArgentinaFil: Beltrán, Marcelo Javier. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Suelos; ArgentinaFil: Brutti, Lucrecia Noemí. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Suelos; Argentin

Pollution detection in the atmosphere of the Neuquén city by biomass burning from 18th to 22nd February 2015

El humo provocado por una importante quema de biomasa en la provincia de Chubut,cerca del Parque Nacional Los Alerces, en febrero de 2015, fue trasportado por efecto de los vientos a diferentes zonas de la Patagonia. En este trabajo se presenta la detección de este evento sobre la ciudad de Neuquén por la estación de monitoreo atmosférico instalada en el Aeropuerto Internacional de Neuquén por CITEDEF y operada por personal del Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Las mediciones realizadas con el sistema lidar muestra las alturas de las distintas capas de aerosoles y el fotómetro solar de la red AERONET/NASA (Aerosol Robotic Network) detectó valores altos de espesor óptico de aerosoles. Las imágenes satelitales muestran que el humo llegó a la ciudad el 18 de febrero quedando en suspensión por varios días.The smoke caused by an important biomass burning in the province of Chubut, near Los Alerces National Park, in February 2015, was transported by the effect of winds to different areas of Patagonia. This paper presents the detection of this event over the city of Neuquén by the atmospheric monitoring station installed at the Neuquén International Airport by CITEDEF and operated by staff of the National Meteorological Service. The measurements made with the lidar system show the heights of the different aerosol layers and the AERONET/NASA (AErosol RObotic NETwork) solar photometer detected high values of aerosol optical thickness. The satellite images show that the smoke arrived in the city on February 18, staying in suspension for several days.Fil: Otero, Lidia Ana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa. Ministerio de Defensa. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa; Argentina. Ministerio de Defensa. Ejército Argentino. Instituto de Enseñanza Superior del Ejército. Escuela Superior Técnica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas para la Defensa. Centro de Investigación en Láseres y Aplicaciones; ArgentinaFil: Ristori, Pablo Roberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas para la Defensa. Centro de Investigación en Láseres y Aplicaciones; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa. Ministerio de Defensa. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa; Argentina. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Sambueza, Sandra. Ministerio de Defensa. Secretaria de Planeamiento. Servicio Meteorológico Nacional; ArgentinaFil: Brusca de Giorgio, Silvina Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas para la Defensa. Centro de Investigación en Láseres y Aplicaciones; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa. Ministerio de Defensa. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa; ArgentinaFil: Herrera, Milagros Estefanía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa. Ministerio de Defensa. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa; Argentina. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Buenos Aires; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas para la Defensa. Centro de Investigación en Láseres y Aplicaciones; ArgentinaFil: Bali, Juan Lucas. Ministerio de Defensa. Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas para la Defensa; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Pereyra, Andrea Fabiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa. Ministerio de Defensa. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa; ArgentinaFil: Martorella, Evangelina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa. Ministerio de Defensa. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa; ArgentinaFil: D'elia, Raul Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa. Ministerio de Defensa. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa; ArgentinaFil: Fierro, Victor Eduardo. Ministerio de Defensa. Ejército Argentino. Instituto de Enseñanza Superior del Ejército. Escuela Superior Técnica; ArgentinaFil: Franchi, Guillermo Javier. Ministerio de Defensa. Ejército Argentino. Instituto de Enseñanza Superior del Ejército. Escuela Superior Técnica; ArgentinaFil: Repetto, Carla Irene. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Vilar, Osvaldo Jorge. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa. Ministerio de Defensa. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa; ArgentinaFil: Salvador, Jacobo Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa. Ministerio de Defensa. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa; Argentina. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral. Unidad Académica Río Gallegos; ArgentinaFil: Raponi, Marcelo Martín. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Buenos Aires; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa. Ministerio de Defensa. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa; ArgentinaFil: Quel, Eduardo Jaime. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Ministerio de Defensa. Ejército Argentino. Instituto de Enseñanza Superior del Ejército. Escuela Superior Técnica; Argentina. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Buenos Aires; Argentin

Under the eaves of the house. About the experience of historical reconstruction of the Movimiento Campesino de Santiago del Estero – Vía Campesina

Esta crónica narra y analiza la experiencia de reconstrucción histórica del Movimiento Campesino de Santiago del Estero – Vía Campesina. Posee la singularidad de haber sido elaborada por algunos de los y las protagonistas de dicho proceso. En la misma, es posible hallar reflexiones acerca de la tensión entre las nociones de memoria e historia, partiendo siempre de las voces y los relatos de los propios campesinos y campesinas. Debate también aspectos centrales de las tensiones que subyacen al rol de los/as investigadores/as en la reconstrucción de la memoria de los movimientos sociales.This chronicle narrates and analyzes the experience of historical reconstruction of the Movimiento Campesino de Santiago del Estero – Vía Campesina. It presents the singularity of having been elaborated by some of its own protagonists. It includes considerations about the tension between the notions of memory and history, taking always as a start point the voices and narrations of the peasants. It also debates central aspects related to the tensions that underlie the role of researchers in the reconstruction of the memories of social movements.Instituto de Física de Líquidos y Sistemas Biológico

Experimental and Theoretical Study of SbPO4 under Compression

This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Inorganic Chemistry, copyright © American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by the publisher. To access the final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02268.[EN] SbPO4 is a complex monoclinic layered material characterized by a strong activity of the nonbonding lone electron pair (LEP) of Sb. The strong cation LEP leads to the formation of layers piled up along the a axis and linked by weak SbO electrostatic interactions. In fact, Sb has 4-fold coordination with O similarly to what occurs with the P-O coordination, despite the large difference in ionic radii and electronegativity between both elements. Here we report a joint experimental and theoretical study of the structural and vibrational properties of SbPO4 at high pressure. We show that SbPO4 is not only one of the most compressible phosphates but also one of the most compressible compounds of the ABO(4) family. Moreover, it has a considerable anisotropic compression behavior, with the largest compression occurring along a direction close to the a axis and governed by the compression of the LEP and the weak interlayer Sb-O bonds. The strong compression along the a axis leads to a subtle modification of the monoclinic crystal structure above 3 GPa, leading from a 2D to a 3D material. Moreover, the onset of a reversible pressure-induced phase transition is observed above 9 GPa, which is completed above 20 GPa. We propose that the high-pressure phase is a triclinic distortion of the original monoclinic phase. The understanding of the compression mechanism of SbPO4 can aid to improve the ion intercalation and catalytic properties of this layered compound.The authors acknowledge financial support from the Brazilian Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq - 159754/2018-6, 307199/2018-5, 422250/20163, 201050/2012-9), FAPESP (2013/07793-6), Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) under projects MALTA Consolider Ingenio 2010 network (MAT2015-71070-REDC and RED2018-102612-T), MAT2016-75586-C4-1/2/3-P, PGC2018-097520-A-I00, FIS2017-83295-P, and PGC2018-094417-B-I00 from Generalitat Valenciana under project PROMETEO/2018/123, and the European Comission under project COMEX. D.S.-P., JA.S., and A.O.d.l.R. acknowledge "Ramim y Cajal" Fellowships for financial support (RyC-2014-15643, RYC-2015-17482, and RyC-2016-20301, respectively). E.L.d. S., A.M., A.B., and P.R-.H. acknowledge computing time provided by Red Espanola de SupercomputaciOn (RES) and MALTA-Cluster.Pereira, ALDJ.; Santamaria-Pérez, D.; Vilaplana Cerda, RI.; Errandonea, D.; Popescu, C.; Da Silva, EL.; Sans-Tresserras, JÁ.... (2020). Experimental and Theoretical Study of SbPO4 under Compression. Inorganic Chemistry. 59(1):287-307. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02268S287307591Falcão Filho, E. L., Bosco, C. A. C., Maciel, G. S., de Araújo, C. B., Acioli, L. H., Nalin, M., & Messaddeq, Y. (2003). Ultrafast nonlinearity of antimony polyphosphate glasses. Applied Physics Letters, 83(7), 1292-1294. doi:10.1063/1.1601679Nalin, M., Poulain, M., Poulain, M., Ribeiro, S. J. ., & Messaddeq, Y. (2001). Antimony oxide based glasses. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 284(1-3), 110-116. doi:10.1016/s0022-3093(01)00388-xNalin, M., Messaddeq, Y., Ribeiro, S. J. L., Poulain, M., Briois, V., Brunklaus, G., … Eckert, H. (2004). Structural organization and thermal properties of the Sb2O3–SbPO4glass system. J. Mater. Chem., 14(23), 3398-3405. doi:10.1039/b406075jMontesso, M., Manzani, D., Donoso, J. P., Magon, C. J., Silva, I. D. A., Chiesa, M., … Nalin, M. (2018). Synthesis and structural characterization of a new SbPO4-GeO2 glass system. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 500, 133-140. doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2018.07.005Wang, Y., li, L., & Li, G. (2012). One-step synthesis of SbPO4 hollow spheres by a self-sacrificed template method. RSC Advances, 2(33), 12999. doi:10.1039/c2ra21434bChen, S., Di, Y., Li, T., Li, F., & Cao, W. (2018). Impacts of ionic liquid capping on the morphology and photocatalytic performance of SbPO4 crystals. CrystEngComm, 20(30), 4305-4312. doi:10.1039/c8ce00790jSaadaoui, H., Boukhari, A., Flandrois, S., & Aride, J. (1994). Intercalation of Hydrazine and Amines in Antimony Phosphate. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. 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N., Errandonea, D., Muñoz, A., Rodríguez-Hernández, P., Manjón, F. J., Krishna, P. S. R., … Tyagi, A. K. (2013). Experimental and theoretical investigations on the polymorphism and metastability of BiPO4. Dalton Transactions, 42(42), 14999. doi:10.1039/c3dt51823jAlonzo, G., Bertazzi, N., Galli, P., Marci, G., Massucci, M. A., Palmisano, L., … Saiano, F. (1998). In search of layered antimony(III) materials: synthesis and characterization of oxo-antimony(III) catecholate and further studies on antimony(III) phosphate. Materials Research Bulletin, 33(8), 1233-1240. doi:10.1016/s0025-5408(98)00095-6Alonzo, G., Bertazzi, N., Galli, P., Massucci, M. A., Patrono, P., & Saiano, F. (1998). On the synthesis and characterization of layered antimony(III) phosphate and its interaction with moist ammonia and amines. Materials Research Bulletin, 33(8), 1221-1231. doi:10.1016/s0025-5408(98)00094-4Brockner, W., & Hoyer, L. P. (2002). Synthesis and vibrational spectrum of antimony phosphate, SbPO4. 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Physical Review B, 81(6). doi:10.1103/physrevb.81.064113Errandonea, D., Gomis, O., Rodríguez-Hernández, P., Muñoz, A., Ruiz-Fuertes, J., Gupta, M., … Bettinelli, M. (2018). High-pressure structural and vibrational properties of monazite-type BiPO4, LaPO4, CePO4, and PrPO4. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 30(6), 065401. doi:10.1088/1361-648x/aaa20dLópez-Solano, J., Rodríguez-Hernández, P., Muñoz, A., Gomis, O., Santamaría-Perez, D., Errandonea, D., … Raptis, C. (2010). Theoretical and experimental study of the structural stability ofTbPO4at high pressures. Physical Review B, 81(14). doi:10.1103/physrevb.81.144126Musselman, M. A., Wilkinson, T. M., Haberl, B., & Packard, C. E. (2018). In situ Raman spectroscopy of pressure‐induced phase transformations in polycrystalline Tb PO 4 , Dy PO 4 , and Gd x Dy (1− x ) PO 4. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 101(6), 2562-2570. doi:10.1111/jace.15374Muñoz, A., & Rodríguez-Hernández, P. (2018). High-Pressure Elastic, Vibrational and Structural Study of Monazite-Type GdPO4 from Ab Initio Simulations. Crystals, 8(5), 209. doi:10.3390/cryst8050209Ghosh, P. S., Ali, K., & Arya, A. (2018). A computational study of high pressure polymorphic transformations in monazite-type LaPO4. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 20(11), 7621-7634. doi:10.1039/c7cp05587kGomis, O., Lavina, B., Rodríguez-Hernández, P., Muñoz, A., Errandonea, R., Errandonea, D., & Bettinelli, M. (2017). High-pressure structural, elastic, and thermodynamic properties of zircon-type HoPO4and TmPO4. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 29(9), 095401. doi:10.1088/1361-648x/aa516aRuiz-Fuertes, J., Hirsch, A., Friedrich, A., Winkler, B., Bayarjargal, L., Morgenroth, W., … Milman, V. (2016). High-pressure phase of LaPO4 studied by x-ray diffraction and second harmonic generation. 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Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Healthcare workers hospitalized due to COVID-19 have no higher risk of death than general population. Data from the Spanish SEMI-COVID-19 Registry

Aim To determine whether healthcare workers (HCW) hospitalized in Spain due to COVID-19 have a worse prognosis than non-healthcare workers (NHCW). Methods Observational cohort study based on the SEMI-COVID-19 Registry, a nationwide registry that collects sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment data on patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in Spain. Patients aged 20-65 years were selected. A multivariate logistic regression model was performed to identify factors associated with mortality. Results As of 22 May 2020, 4393 patients were included, of whom 419 (9.5%) were HCW. Median (interquartile range) age of HCW was 52 (15) years and 62.4% were women. Prevalence of comorbidities and severe radiological findings upon admission were less frequent in HCW. There were no difference in need of respiratory support and admission to intensive care unit, but occurrence of sepsis and in-hospital mortality was lower in HCW (1.7% vs. 3.9%; p = 0.024 and 0.7% vs. 4.8%; p<0.001 respectively). Age, male sex and comorbidity, were independently associated with higher in-hospital mortality and healthcare working with lower mortality (OR 0.211, 95%CI 0.067-0.667, p = 0.008). 30-days survival was higher in HCW (0.968 vs. 0.851 p<0.001). Conclusions Hospitalized COVID-19 HCW had fewer comorbidities and a better prognosis than NHCW. Our results suggest that professional exposure to COVID-19 in HCW does not carry more clinical severity nor mortality