Prevalence (and 95% CI) of nasopharyngeal carriage in children in Kilifi by age and by calendar month within the survey.

<p>Prevalence (and 95% CI) of nasopharyngeal carriage in children in Kilifi by age and by calendar month within the survey.</p

Risk factors for prevalent nasopharyngeal carriage of <i>S. pneumoniae</i>.

<p>OR Odds Ratio; aOR adjusted Odds Ratio. Variables included in the final model but not displayed here are age (6 monthly strata), month of sampling and fieldworker taking the sample (n = 9). The full analysis is displayed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0030787#pone.0030787.s003" target="_blank">Table S2</a>. The final model fit was tested using Hosmer-Lemeshow χ² in 10 covariate strata (p = 0.95).</p

Carriage prevalence by age, sex and antiretroviral drug use among HIV-infected children.

<p>Carriage prevalence by age, sex and antiretroviral drug use among HIV-infected children.</p

Serotype carriage prevalence among population-based and HIV-infected samples.

<p>There is no evidence of a difference between the HIV-infected and population-based samples in the distribution of serotypes (χ² (28) 33.4, p = 0.223).</p

Demographic distribution of the target population and the study sample.

<p>Demographic distribution of the target population and the study sample.</p

Common forms of SRTB.

BackgroundIt is known from previous studies that university students in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA) engage in sexual risk-taking behaviour (SRTB). However, there is paucity of data on factors contributing to SRTB among university students (emerging adults) at the Kenyan Coast thus hindering intervention planning. This study seeks to provide an in-depth qualitative understanding of the factors contributing to SRTB and their interconnectedness among university students at the Kenyan Coast combining qualitative research with a systems thinking approach.MethodsUsing the ecological model, and employing in-depth interviews, we explored the perceptions of twenty-six key informants (twenty-one emerging adults and five other stakeholders) on what constitutes and influences SRTB among emerging adults at a tertiary institution of learning in Coastal Kenya. Data were analysed using a thematic framework approach. A causal loop diagram (CLD) was developed to map the interconnectedness of the correlates of SRTB.ResultsOur findings show that unprotected sex, transactional sex, cross-generational sex, multiple sex partnerships, gender-based violence, sex under influence of alcohol/drugs, early sex debut, and sharing sex toys were common SRTBs. Based on the ecological model and CLD, most of the reported risk factors were interconnected and operated at the individual level.ConclusionOur study shows that emerging adults are frequently engaging in unprotected sex. Enhancing sexuality education programs for students in Kenyan universities and strengthening support systems including counselling for those using alcohol/drugs may help reduce SRTB among emerging adults in Kenyan universities.</div

Characteristics of emerging adults at a tertiary education institution in Coastal Kenya.

Characteristics of emerging adults at a tertiary education institution in Coastal Kenya.</p

STROBE statement—checklist of items that should be included in reports of observational studies.

STROBE statement—checklist of items that should be included in reports of observational studies.</p

Interview guide.

BackgroundIt is known from previous studies that university students in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA) engage in sexual risk-taking behaviour (SRTB). However, there is paucity of data on factors contributing to SRTB among university students (emerging adults) at the Kenyan Coast thus hindering intervention planning. This study seeks to provide an in-depth qualitative understanding of the factors contributing to SRTB and their interconnectedness among university students at the Kenyan Coast combining qualitative research with a systems thinking approach.MethodsUsing the ecological model, and employing in-depth interviews, we explored the perceptions of twenty-six key informants (twenty-one emerging adults and five other stakeholders) on what constitutes and influences SRTB among emerging adults at a tertiary institution of learning in Coastal Kenya. Data were analysed using a thematic framework approach. A causal loop diagram (CLD) was developed to map the interconnectedness of the correlates of SRTB.ResultsOur findings show that unprotected sex, transactional sex, cross-generational sex, multiple sex partnerships, gender-based violence, sex under influence of alcohol/drugs, early sex debut, and sharing sex toys were common SRTBs. Based on the ecological model and CLD, most of the reported risk factors were interconnected and operated at the individual level.ConclusionOur study shows that emerging adults are frequently engaging in unprotected sex. Enhancing sexuality education programs for students in Kenyan universities and strengthening support systems including counselling for those using alcohol/drugs may help reduce SRTB among emerging adults in Kenyan universities.</div

Causal structure diagram.

BackgroundIt is known from previous studies that university students in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA) engage in sexual risk-taking behaviour (SRTB). However, there is paucity of data on factors contributing to SRTB among university students (emerging adults) at the Kenyan Coast thus hindering intervention planning. This study seeks to provide an in-depth qualitative understanding of the factors contributing to SRTB and their interconnectedness among university students at the Kenyan Coast combining qualitative research with a systems thinking approach.MethodsUsing the ecological model, and employing in-depth interviews, we explored the perceptions of twenty-six key informants (twenty-one emerging adults and five other stakeholders) on what constitutes and influences SRTB among emerging adults at a tertiary institution of learning in Coastal Kenya. Data were analysed using a thematic framework approach. A causal loop diagram (CLD) was developed to map the interconnectedness of the correlates of SRTB.ResultsOur findings show that unprotected sex, transactional sex, cross-generational sex, multiple sex partnerships, gender-based violence, sex under influence of alcohol/drugs, early sex debut, and sharing sex toys were common SRTBs. Based on the ecological model and CLD, most of the reported risk factors were interconnected and operated at the individual level.ConclusionOur study shows that emerging adults are frequently engaging in unprotected sex. Enhancing sexuality education programs for students in Kenyan universities and strengthening support systems including counselling for those using alcohol/drugs may help reduce SRTB among emerging adults in Kenyan universities.</div