Wireless location: A survey about GSM in location techniques

Security has become one of the most important fea tures in modern computation, especially due to the point of view of the user. Security issues (like pri vacy or secure use of the application) will be taken into account during the evaluation of the system by the final user. Also, it is an important issue for the developer, due to the reason that the developer should be sure about the correct performance of the system. The purpose of this paper is to offer a deep survey on existent attacks to GSM location adapt ing them from common GSM attacks to location attacks

Simple fistula-in-ano: is it all simple? A systematic review

Fístula rectal; Proctologia; FistulotomiaFístula rectal; Proctología; FistulotomíaRectal fistula; Proctological surgery; FistulotomyBackground: Simple anal fistula is one of the most common causes of proctological surgery and fistulotomy is considered the gold standard. This procedure, however, may cause complications. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the surgical treatment of simple anal fistula with traditional and sphincter-sparing techniques. Methods: A literature research was performed using PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar to identify studies on the surgical treatment of simple anal fistulas. Observational studies and randomized clinical trials were included. We assessed the risk of bias of included studies using the Jadad scale for randomized controlled trials, and the MINORS Scale for the remaining studies. Results: The search returned 456 records, and 66 studies were found to be eligible. The quality of the studies was generally low. A total of 4883 patients with a simple anal fistula underwent a sphincter-cutting procedure, mainly fistulotomy, with a weighted average healing rate of 93.7%, while any postoperative continence impairment was reported in 12.7% of patients. Sphincter-sparing techniques were adopted to treat 602 patients affected by simple anal fistula, reaching a weighted average success rate of 77.7%, with no study reporting a significant postoperative incontinence rate. The postoperative onset of fecal incontinence and the recurrence of the disease reduced patients' quality of life and satisfaction. Conclusions: Surgical treatment of simple anal fistulas with sphincter-cutting procedures provides excellent cure rates, even if postoperative fecal incontinence is not a negligible risk. A sphincter-sparing procedure could be useful in selected patients.Open access funding provided by Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore within the CRUI-CARE Agreemen

Cannabinoids and Motor Control of the Basal Ganglia: Therapeutic Potential in Movement Disorders

Cannabinoid receptors in the brain appear to be intimately involved in the motor control. Cannabinoid CB1 receptors are densely located in the basal ganglia (BG), a forebrain system that integrates cortical information to coordinate motor activity regulating signals. In fact, the administration of plant-derived, synthetic or endogenous cannabinoids produces several effects on motor function. These effects are paralleled to changes in the levels of different neurotransmitters in the BG, including GABA, dopamine and glutamate, all of which are important players in movement control

Linfadenectomía lateral pélvica en neoplasia de recto inferior.

Presentamos el caso clínico de una mujer de 53 años sin alergias medicamentosas y con único antecedente de hipertensión arterial que consultó al servicio de digestivo por 4 meses de rectorragias asociada a tumefacción a nivel anal. Se derivó a la consulta de cirugía colorrectal por sospecha de posible neoplasia rectal. A la inspección anal y tacto rectal se palpaba una lesión indurada e inmóvil a 2 cm de margen anal (MA) estenosante y polipoidea que se exteriorizaba a través del ano

Interaction between the 5-HT system and the basal ganglia: functional implication and therapeutic perspective in Parkinson's disease

The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) has a multifaceted function in the modulation of information processing through the activation of multiple receptor families, including G-protein-coupled receptor subtypes (5-HT1, 5-HT2, 5-HT4-7) and ligand-gated ion channels (5-HT3). The largest population of serotonergic neurons is located in the midbrain, specifically in the raphe nuclei. Although the medial and dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) share common projecting areas, in the basal ganglia (BG) nuclei serotonergic innervations come mainly from the DRN. The BG are a highly organized network of subcortical nuclei composed of the striatum (caudate and putamen), subthalamic nucleus (STN), internal and external globus pallidus (or entopeduncular nucleus in rodents, GPi/EP and GPe) and substantia nigra (pars compacta, SNc, and pars reticulata, SNr). The BG are part of the cortico-BG-thalamic circuits, which play a role in many functions like motor control, emotion, and cognition and are critically involved in diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). This review provides an overview of serotonergic modulation of the BG at the functional level and a discussion of how this interaction may be relevant to treating PD and the motor complications induced by chronic treatment with L-DOPA.This study was supported by the grants IT747-13, PI12/00613, UPV/EHU UFI11/32

Body of regulations of the practice of school management in Spain

The Education Act of 2006 (LOE) orders the compulsory assessment of headmasters of public schools at the end of their management period. The result of this evaluation will have, at least, economical consequences. This Act also states that the regional education authorities will be in charge of the development of such assessments. So has been done, and, as a result, nowadays there are as many evaluation programmes as autonomous communities. This article researches and compares the legal regulations in force that rule these evaluations in every autonomous community and finally shows that, in spite of its common origin and purpose, the systems, methods and evaluation processes which are used by the regional authorities differ greatly from each others. This analysis also draws some conclusions that could be taken into account to improve the evaluation process of headmasters

Prognostic significance of the microbiome–adipose tissue axis in rectal cancer: protocol of a prospective observational study

Prognostic; Adipose Tissue; Rectal cancerPronòstic; Teixit adipós; Càncer de rectePronóstico; Tejido adiposo; Cáncer de rectoThis study was awarded a grant by the ‘Asociación Española de Coloproctolgía’ and ‘Col·legi Oficial de Metges de Girona—Joan Bruguera Grant’ in 2021

Linfadenectomía lateral pélvica en neoplasia de recto inferior.

Presentamos el caso clínico de una mujer de 53 años sin alergias medicamentosas y con único antecedente de hipertensión arterial que consultó al servicio de digestivo por 4 meses de rectorragias asociada a tumefacción a nivel anal. Se derivó a la consulta de cirugía colorrectal por sospecha de posible neoplasia rectal. A la inspección anal y tacto rectal se palpaba una lesión indurada e inmóvil a 2 cm de margen anal (MA) estenosante y polipoidea que se exteriorizaba a través del ano

Marco normativo de la evaluación del desempeño de la función directiva escolar en España

The Education Act of 2006 (LOE) orders the compulsory assessment of headmasters of public schools at the end of their management period. The result of this evaluation will have, at least, economical consequences. This Act also states that the regional education authorities will be in charge of the development of such assessments. So has been done, and, as a result, nowadays there are as many evaluation programmes as autonomous communities. This article researches and compares the legal regulations in force that rule these evaluations in every autonomous community and finally shows that, in spite of its common origin and purpose, the systems, methods and evaluation processes which are used by the regional authorities differ greatly from each others. This analysis also draws some conclusions that could be taken into account to improve the evaluation process of headmasters.La Ley Orgánica de Educación establece la obligatoriedad de realizar una evaluación de los directores y directoras de centros educativos públicos al final de su mandato cuyos resultados tendrán, al menos, consecuencias de carácter económico. Esta Ley determina, igualmente, que son las Administraciones educativas las encargadas de desarrollar tal evaluación; y así lo han hecho, de tal forma que en la actualidad se cuenta con tantas propuestas como Comunidades. En este artículo se analiza y compara el marco normativo que regula la evaluación final del desempeño de los directores y directoras en las 17 Comunidades Autónomas españolas. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que, a pesar de su origen y finalidad comunes, existe una importante disparidad en los mecanismos, procedimientos y criterios establecidos en cada Administración. También del análisis se derivan algunas sugerencias que deberían tenerse en cuenta para mejorar dicha evaluación

Potential EEG biomarkers of sedation doses in intensive care patients unveiled by using a machine learning approach

Objective. Sedation of neurocritically ill patients is one of the most challenging situation in ICUs. Quantitative knowledge on the sedation effect on brain activity in that complex scenario could help to uncover new markers for sedation assessment. Hence, we aim to evaluate the existence of changes of diverse EEG-derived measures in deeply-sedated (RASS-Richmond agitation-sedation scale -4 and -5) neurocritically ill patients, and also whether sedation doses are related with those eventual changes. Approach. We performed an observational prospective cohort study in the intensive care unit of the Hospital de la Princesa. Twenty-six adult patients suffered from traumatic brain injury and subarachnoid hemorrhage were included in the present study. Long-term continuous electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings (2141 h) and hourly annotated information were used to determine the relationship between intravenous sedation infusion doses and network and spectral EEG measures. To do that, two different strategies were followed: assessment of the statistical dependence between both variables using the Spearman correlation rank and by performing an automatic classification method based on a machine learning algorithm. Main results. More than 60% of patients presented a correlation greater than 0.5 in at least one of the calculated EEG measures with the sedation dose. The automatic classification method presented an accuracy of 84.3% in discriminating between different sedation doses. In both cases the nodes' degree was the most relevant measurement. Significance. The results presented here provide evidences of brain activity changes during deep sedation linked to sedation doses. Particularly, the capability of network EEG-derived measures in discriminating between different sedation doses could be the framework for the development of accurate methods for sedation levels assessment.Fil: Sanz García, Ancor. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid. Hospital Universitario de la Princesa; EspañaFil: Pérez Romero, Miriam. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid. Hospital Universitario de la Princesa; EspañaFil: Pastor, Jesús. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid. Hospital Universitario de la Princesa; EspañaFil: Sola, Rafael G.. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid. Hospital Universitario de la Princesa. Servicio de Neurocirugia. Grupo de Epilepsia; EspañaFil: Vega Zelaya, Lorena. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid. Hospital Universitario de la Princesa; EspañaFil: Vega, Gema. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid. Hospital Universitario de la Princesa; EspañaFil: Monasterio, Fernando. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid. Hospital Universitario de la Princesa; EspañaFil: Torrecilla, Carmen. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid. Hospital Universitario de la Princesa; EspañaFil: Pulido, Paloma. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid. Hospital Universitario de la Princesa. Servicio de Neurocirugia. Grupo de Epilepsia; EspañaFil: Ortega, Guillermo José. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid. Hospital Universitario de la Princesa; España. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin