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Proximal chemical analysis and secondary metabolites in Washingtonia robusta fruit (Arecaceae): relevance for the feeding of wildlife and human
Background: Washingtonia robusta fruits are a staple for birds, small and medium-size mammals, and humans. However, quantitative data of their nutritional contribution has remained unknown. This is the first report on the phytochemical components found in fruit pulp and seeds. Questions: Does pulp compounds favor its consumption and contribute with nutrients for wildlife and humans? Do seed contents favor ecological interactions for germination and plantlet development? Species study: Washingtonia robusta H. Wendl. Study site and dates: Sierra El Aguaje, Sonora, Mexico, February - April 2016 Methods: Chemical and secondary metabolite analyses were carried out from extracts via phytochemical coloring tests and ultra-resolution liquid chromatography. Antioxidant activity was analyzed by DPPH. Results: Washingtonia robusta seeds contain 73 % sugars, 7.4 % protein, 8.4 % humidity, 4.3 % ashes, 8.7 % fat and 0.2 % calcium, while cyanogenic glycosides content was 0.8 mu g/g. Pulp has 71 % sugars, 10.8 % protein, 1.6 % humidity, 5.5 % ashes, 9.4 % fat and 1.5 % calcium, and cyanogenic glycosides reached 0.2 mu g/g. Alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenols, and flavonoids were more abundant in seeds than in pulp. The DPPH assay expressed in Trolox equivalents indicated antioxidant capacity. Conclusions: Washingtonia robusta pulp is an important source of sugars and natural antioxidants for wildlife and human consumption. Occurrence of secondary metabolites prevents pathogens in seeds, also they could be beneficial for germination and initial plantlet development.Open access journalThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]
Caracterizaci贸n y distribuci贸n de germoplasma silvestre de jatropha curcas l. (euphorbiaceae) en el noroeste de M茅xico
Se estudiaron tres poblaciones silvestres de Jatropha curcas L. en la regi贸n sur y centro de Sinaloa en los sitios de Estaci贸n Dimas, La Campana y El Quelite. Los objetivos fueron caracterizar morfol贸gicamente las plantas y semillas, evaluar la relaci贸n de las variables morfol贸gicas con los factores ambientales y analizar el potencial de distribuci贸n de las especies en Sinaloa considerando los factores ambientales registrados en los sitios de estudio. En cada sitio de estudio se realiz贸 el conteo del n煤mero de individuos/m2 y se midi贸 la altura, el di谩metro de copa, el di谩metro basal y el n煤mero de ramas. De cada sitio se obtuvo tambi茅n el n煤mero de semillas por kilogramo, color, peso, longitud y ancho de la semilla. La altura de las plantas estuvo en un intervalo de 2.25 a 4.59 m, el di谩metro de la copa fue de 2.24 a 4.48 m, el di谩metro basal de 18.75-24.81 cm y el n煤mero de ramificaciones de 2 a 4. No se observaron diferencias significativas entre las caracter铆sticas morfol贸gicas de las plantas de Estaci贸n Dimas y el Quelite pero s铆 con respecto a La Campana. En ambos sitios se observ贸 que la altura de las plantas fue favorecida cuando la temperatura y velocidad del viento fueron menores, y cuando la precipitaci贸n y humedad relativa fueron mayores. Las dimensiones de las semillas fueron, ancho 7.41 a 7.9 mm y longitud de 15.1 a 15.9 mm. La humedad de las semillas fue de 3.57 a 4.21%, y el color de las semillas fue de 60.80 a 65.64掳Hue. La mayor densidad de individuos se encontr贸 en Estaci贸n Dimas (21 ind/ha), pero la utilizaci贸n del campo con fines agr铆colas que se encuentra cercana a este ecotipo amenaza al desarrollo de la vegetaci贸n silvestre de este sitio. Por lo que el germoplasma de las poblaciones en estudio puede ser 煤til para elaboraci贸n de planes y manejos de conservaci贸n de la especie, adem谩s constituye una alternativa para el establecimiento de cultivos en el estado con especies propias de la regi贸n y, posiblemente, para otras regiones del pa铆s. Por otro lado, se observ贸 que la especie tiene un alto potencial de distribuci贸n en el estado de Sinaloa principalmente en los municipios de Sinaloa de Leyva, Guasave, Guam煤chil, Culiac谩n, Elota, San Ignacio, Mazatl谩n, Villa Uni贸n, Concordia y Escuinapa.Three wild populations of Jatropha curcas in the central and southern parts of Sinaloa were studied; Estaci贸n Dimas, La Campana, and El Quelite. The objectives were to characterize plants and seeds morphologically to assess the relationship between morphological traits and environmental factors and the potential distribution of the species considering environmental factors from the study sites. All individuals/m2 and number of branches were counted, and height, diameter of cup, and basal diameter were measured. The number of seeds per kilogram was obtained, as well as color, weight, and seed length and width. Plant height ranged from 2.25 to 4.59 m; the crown diameter from 2.24 to 4.48 m; basal diameter from 18.75 to 24.81 cm; and branch number 2 to 4. No significant differences were found in morphological characteristics between plants from Estaci贸n Dimas and El Quelite but those from La Campana were significantly smaller. Plant height was favored in sites with lower temperature, altitude, and wind speed, and with higher precipitation and relative humidity. Seed length ranged from 7.41 to 7.9 mm and seed width from 15.1 to 15.9 mm. Seed moisture ranged from 3.57 to 4.21%. The seed color ranged from 60.80 to 65.54掳 Hue. The highest tree density was found in Estaci贸n Dimas (21 ind/ha), but agricultural practices threatens the vegetation in this site. The species has a high potential for distribution in the southern and central parts of the state. Germplasm from the studied populations may be useful for plans and management for species conservation; they also constitute an alternative to the establishment of crops in the state of Sinaloa with typical species of the region and possibly other regions of the country. Moreover, it was observed that the species has a high potential for distribution in the state mainly in the municipalities of Sinaloa de Leyva, Guasave, Guamuchil, Culiacan, Elota, San Ignacio, Mazatlan, Villa Union, Concordia, and Escuinapa
Caracter铆sticas de la germinaci贸n de Lippiapalmeri (Wats) proveniente de regiones silvestres del desierto de Altar, Sonora, M茅xico
There are several species of native and introduced Lippia, which are of great potential in arid areas of Northwest Mexico; these species have low germination percentage due to the hardness and / or seed dormancy. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of gibberellic acid on germination of seeds of wild Lippia palmeri. To do this, the seed was collected in two native sites (Puerto del Or茅gano and Santa Ana, Sonora). Three concentrations with gibberellic acid (GA3) (100, 200 and 300ppm), subjected to three times of soaking the seed (30, 60 and 120 min.) were tested and as a control distilled water. For each treatment 100 seeds were used by Petri dish in triplicate with a total of 72 Petri plates placed in an ambient of 27 掳C and 80% relative humidity. For the concentration of 100 ppm in the three treatments soaking seed port oregano, showed a high percentage of germination (90, 100 and 100%); for treatments of 200 and 300 ppm the percentage of germinated seed was lower (80%). The seed of Santa Ana showed the highest percentage of germination (80%) obtained 300 ppm and 120 minute soak; the other treatments did not exceed 70% germination. It is concluded that Lippia palmeri require stimulated by giberalina to promote the enzymatic action inducing breakdown of reserve substances seed.Existen varias especies del g茅nero de Lippia nativas e introducidas, que son de gran potencial en zonas 谩ridas del noroeste de M茅xico; estas especies presentan bajo porcentaje de germinaci贸n debido a la dureza y/o dormancia de la semilla. El objetivo del presente estudio consisti贸 en dilucidar el efecto del 谩cido giber茅lico sobre la germinaci贸n de la semillas silvestre de Lippia palmeri. Para ello se recolect贸 la semilla en dos regiones nativas (Puerto del Or茅gano y Santa Ana, Sonora). Se probaron tres concentraciones con 谩cido giber茅lico (GA3) (100, 200 y 300 ppm, sometidas a tres tiempos de remojo de la semilla (30, 60 y 120 min.) y como control agua destilada. Para cada tratamiento se utilizaron 100 semillas por caja Petri por triplicado siendo un total de 72 cajas Petri colocadas a una temperatura ambiente de 27 掳C y 80% de humedad relativa. Para la concentraci贸n de 100 ppm en los tres tratamientos de remojo la semilla de Puerto del Or茅gano, mostr贸 un alto porcentaje de germinaci贸n (90, 100 y 100%), para los tratamientos de 200 y 300 ppm el porcentaje de semilla germinada fue menor (80%). La semilla de Santa Ana mostr贸 el porcentaje m谩s alto de germinaci贸n con (80%) obtenido a 300 ppm y 120 minutos en remojo, el resto de los tratamientos no super贸 el 70% de germinaci贸n. Se concluye que Lippia palmeri requieren ser estimuladas por la giberelina a fin de promover la acci贸n enzim谩tica que induce la ruptura de las sustancias de reserva de la semilla