Entre a buena gente e o cidadão de bem : uma análise comparativa das direitas latino-americanas a partir dos discursos de Macri e Bolsonaro nas campanhas presidenciais de 2015 e 2018

O tema desta pesquisa é a conceituação de um fenômeno muito amplo, abrangente e em constante adaptação que são as direitas latino-americanas, particularmente as direitas da Argentina e do Brasil, a partir de um aspecto inexplorado na literatura. Para isso foram selecionados dois atores, representativos da política, um em cada país: Mauricio Macri na Argentina e Jair Messias Bolsonaro no Brasil. A construção teórica utilizou principalmente as contribuições do politólogo holandês, Cas Mudde – a partir do conceito de Partidos Populistas Radicais de Direita - construindo com essa base, uma nova visão sobre as direitas latinoamericanas como forças políticas caracterizadas pela subalternidade. Sendo essa a posição em que se colocam – e colocam os povos que representam – em relação ao resto das nações. Nesse sentido, e no contexto de expansão e normalização das ultradireitas o uso do conceito do Mudde torna-se pertinente e útil para a análise destes casos: o mesmo permite interpretar e categorizar os discursos dos atores políticos dentro da sua própria lógica a partir de três elementos centrais: o populismo como retórica e ideologia “fina”; o autoritarismo como a pulsão pela resolução dos problemas sociais a partir das ações repressivas e policiais; e o nativismo como um tipo de patriotismo e nacionalismo xenófobo. Entretanto, como o foco do trabalho do Mudde encontra-se na Europa e nos Estados Unidos, o elemento nativista, característico destes cenários, mostrou-se inadequado para a interpretação dos casos analisados. Tal aspecto motivou o questionamento central deste trabalho: em que medida os conceitos elaborados, que têm como referência os processos políticos europeus e estadunidenses, são adequados (apropriados) para compreender teoricamente as direitas latino-americanas? E, mais especificamente, as ultradireitas? Da análise dos casos depreendeu-se que a característica distintiva das direitas na América Latina, independentemente de serem elas radicais ou moderadas, refere-se à sua posição subalterna em relação aos outros países do mundo – o que as impede de serem nativistas na maneira como descrita pela teoria. Esta subalternidade se expressa, em primeiro lugar, a uma valoração positiva das influências estrangeiras para o país em termos de valores culturais e morais e étnicos, assim como de importação de políticas públicas e admiração de bens e serviços estrangeiros. Em segundo lugar, a subalternidade se expressa na crença de que uma aproximação mais estreita com os países do Norte global é intrinsecamente desejável e benéfica para o país, entendendo a aproximação como o incremento dos intercâmbios comerciais políticos e diplomáticos. Em terceiro lugar, a subalternidade se expressa na desconfiança e desvalorização contra os grupos sociais, valores morais e culturais do próprio país. A análise foi realizada a partir dos discursos que os representantes das direitas argentina e brasileira divulgaram nos seus próprios canais de YouTube, durante o tempo que duraram as campanhas no segundo turno, para as eleições presidenciais. Este período na Argentina se estendeu de 25 de outubro a 22 de novembro de 2015; e no Brasil, entre 7 e 28 de outubro de 2018. A escolha do YouTube como fonte de dados respondeu tanto à grande oferta de materiais divulgados na plataforma quanto à percepção da concomitante falta de atenção que a mesma tem quando comparada com outras plataformas como Twitter.The subject of this research is the conceptualization of a very broad, comprehensive and constantly adapting phenomenon that is the Latin American right wing, particularly the rightwing in Argentina and Brazil, from an unexplored aspect in the literature. For this purpose, two actors were selected – one in each country – that are representative of their politics: Mauricio Macri in Argentina and Jair Messias Bolsonaro in Brazil. The theoretical construction used mainly the contributions of the Dutch political scientist Cas Mudde – from the concept of radical right-wing populist parties - building, on this basis, a new vision of the Latin American right as political forces characterised by subalternity. This is the position in which they place themselves – and the peoples they represent - in relation to the rest of the nations. In this sense, and in the context of the expansion and normalization of the ultra-right, the use of Mudde’s concept becomes pertinent and useful for the analysis of these cases: it allows us to interpret and categorize the discourses of political actors within their own logic based on three central elements: populism as rhetoric and “thin” ideology; authoritarianism as the drive for the resolution of social problems through repressive and police actions; and nativism as a type of patriotism and xenophobic nationalism. However, as the focus of Mudde’s work is on Europe and the United States, the nativist element, which is characteristic of these scenarios, was proved inadequate for the interpretation of the cases analysed. This aspect motivated the central questioning of this work: to what extent are these concepts – that are based on the European and US political processes – adequate (appropriate?) for a theoretical understanding of the Latin American right? And, more specifically, the ultra-right? From the analysis of the cases indicated, our findings suggest that the distinctive characteristic of the right in Latin America, whether radical or moderate, refers to their subaltern position in relation to other countries of the world - which prevents them from being nativist in the way described by theory. This subalternity is expressed, firstly, by a positive valuation of foreign influences over the country in terms of cultural and moral, and ethnic values as well as the importation of public policies and admiration of foreign goods and services. Secondly, subalternity is expressed in the belief that closer rapprochement with the countries of the global north is intrinsically desirable and beneficial for the country, understanding rapprochement as means of increasing political and diplomatic commercial exchanges. Thirdly, subalternity is expressed in mistrust and devaluation against the country's own social groups, moral and cultural values. The analysis was carried out based on the speeches that representatives of the Argentinian and Brazilian rights disseminated on their own YouTube channels during the campaign for the second round of their presidential elections. This period in Argentina corresponds from 25 October to 22 November 2015; and in Brazil, between 7 and 28 October 2018. The choice of YouTube as a data source responded both to the large supply of materials disseminated on the platform and to the perception of the concomitant lack of attention it has when compared to other platforms such as Twitter

Wolbachia-Mediated Cytoplasmic Incompatibility Is Associated with Impaired Histone Deposition in the Male Pronucleus

Wolbachia is a bacteria endosymbiont that rapidly infects insect populations through a mechanism known as cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). In CI, crosses between Wolbachia-infected males and uninfected females produce severe cell cycle defects in the male pronucleus resulting in early embryonic lethality. In contrast, viable progeny are produced when both parents are infected (the Rescue cross). An important consequence of CI–Rescue is that infected females have a selective advantage over uninfected females facilitating the rapid spread of Wolbachia through insect populations. CI disrupts a number of prophase and metaphase events in the male pronucleus, including Cdk1 activation, chromosome condensation, and segregation. Here, we demonstrate that CI disrupts earlier interphase cell cycle events. Specifically, CI delays the H3.3 and H4 deposition that occurs immediately after protamine removal from the male pronucleus. In addition, we find prolonged retention of the replication factor PCNA in the male pronucleus into metaphase, indicating progression into mitosis with incompletely replicated DNA. We propose that these CI-induced interphase defects in de novo nucleosome assembly and replication are the cause of the observed mitotic condensation and segregation defects. In addition, these interphase chromosome defects likely activate S-phase checkpoints, accounting for the previously described delays in Cdk1 activation. These results have important implications for the mechanism of Rescue and other Wolbachia-induced phenotypes

The Essential Role of Drosophila HIRA for De Novo Assembly of Paternal Chromatin at Fertilization

In many animal species, the sperm DNA is packaged with male germ line–specific chromosomal proteins, including protamines. At fertilization, these non-histone proteins are removed from the decondensing sperm nucleus and replaced with maternally provided histones to form the DNA replication competent male pronucleus. By studying a point mutant allele of the Drosophila Hira gene, we previously showed that HIRA, a conserved replication-independent chromatin assembly factor, was essential for the assembly of paternal chromatin at fertilization. HIRA permits the specific assembly of nucleosomes containing the histone H3.3 variant on the decondensing male pronucleus. We report here the analysis of a new mutant allele of Drosophila Hira that was generated by homologous recombination. Surprisingly, phenotypic analysis of this loss of function allele revealed that the only essential function of HIRA is the assembly of paternal chromatin during male pronucleus formation. This HIRA-dependent assembly of H3.3 nucleosomes on paternal DNA does not require the histone chaperone ASF1. Moreover, analysis of this mutant established that protamines are correctly removed at fertilization in the absence of HIRA, thus demonstrating that protamine removal and histone deposition are two functionally distinct processes. Finally, we showed that H3.3 deposition is apparently not affected in Hira mutant embryos and adults, suggesting that different chromatin assembly machineries could deposit this histone variant

High-resolution mapping of transcription factor binding sites on native chromatin

Sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins including transcription factors (TFs) are key determinants of gene regulation and chromatin architecture. Formaldehyde cross-linking and sonication followed by Chromatin ImmunoPrecipitation (X-ChIP) is widely used for profiling of TF binding, but is limited by low resolution and poor specificity and sensitivity. We present a simple protocol that starts with micrococcal nuclease-digested uncross-linked chromatin and is followed by affinity purification of TFs and paired-end sequencing. The resulting ORGANIC (Occupied Regions of Genomes from Affinity-purified Naturally Isolated Chromatin) profiles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Abf1 and Reb1 provide highly accurate base-pair resolution maps that are not biased toward accessible chromatin, and do not require input normalization. We also demonstrate the high specificity of our method when applied to larger genomes by profiling Drosophila melanogaster GAGA Factor and Pipsqueak. Our results suggest that ORGANIC profiling is a widely applicable high-resolution method for sensitive and specific profiling of direct protein-DNA interactions

Ly-alpha Emission-Line Galaxies at z = 3.1 in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South

We describe the results of an extremely deep, 0.28 deg^2 survey for z = 3.1 Ly-alpha emission-line galaxies in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South. By using a narrow-band 5000 Anstrom filter and complementary broadband photometry from the MUSYC survey, we identify a statistically complete sample of 162 galaxies with monochromatic fluxes brighter than 1.5 x 10^-17 ergs cm^-2 s^-1 and observers frame equivalent widths greater than 80 Angstroms. We show that the equivalent width distribution of these objects follows an exponential with a rest-frame scale length of w_0 = 76 +/- 10 Angstroms. In addition, we show that in the emission line, the luminosity function of Ly-alpha galaxies has a faint-end power-law slope of alpha = -1.49 +/- 0.4, a bright-end cutoff of log L^* = 42.64 +/- 0.2, and a space density above our detection thresholds of 1.46 +/- 0.12 x 10^-3 h70^3 galaxies Mpc^-3. Finally, by comparing the emission-line and continuum properties of the LAEs, we show that the star-formation rates derived from Ly-alpha are ~3 times lower than those inferred from the rest-frame UV continuum. We use this offset to deduce the existence of a small amount of internal extinction within the host galaxies. This extinction, coupled with the lack of extremely-high equivalent width emitters, argues that these galaxies are not primordial Pop III objects, though they are young and relatively chemically unevolved.Comment: 45 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journa

Transgenerational propagation and quantitative maintenance of paternal centromeres depends on Cid/Cenp-A presence in Drosophila sperm

In Drosophila melanogaster, as in many animal and plant species, centromere identity is specified epigenetically. In proliferating cells, a centromere-specific histone H3 variant (CenH3), named Cid in Drosophila and Cenp-A in humans, is a crucial component of the epigenetic centromere mark. Hence, maintenance of the amount and chromosomal location of CenH3 during mitotic proliferation is important. Interestingly, CenH3 may have different roles during meiosis and the onset of embryogenesis. In gametes of Caenorhabditis elegans, and possibly in plants, centromere marking is independent of CenH3. Moreover, male gamete differentiation in animals often includes global nucleosome for protamine exchange that potentially could remove CenH3 nucleosomes. Here we demonstrate that the control of Cid loading during male meiosis is distinct from the regulation observed during the mitotic cycles of early embryogenesis. But Cid is present in mature sperm. After strong Cid depletion in sperm, paternal centromeres fail to integrate into the gonomeric spindle of the first mitosis, resulting in gynogenetic haploid embryos. Furthermore, after moderate depletion, paternal centromeres are unable to re-acquire normal Cid levels in the next generation. We conclude that Cid in sperm is an essential component of the epigenetic centromere mark on paternal chromosomes and it exerts quantitative control over centromeric Cid levels throughout development. Hence, the amount of Cid that is loaded during each cell cycle appears to be determined primarily by the preexisting centromeric Cid, with little flexibility for compensation of accidental losses

Moral and cognitive refractions : contributions of durkheimian sociology to comprehending 2018 Brazilian presidential elections

O desafio proposto por este dossiê sobre a atualidade dos clássicos nas ciências sociais nos encorajou a produção de um ensaio coletivo no qual mobilizamos conceitos fundamentais oriundos da teoria de Émile Durkheim para compreender alguns aspectos do segundo turno das eleições presidenciais brasileiras de 2018. Para tanto, partimos da ideia das categorias e representações coletivas como mediações socialmente construídas de nossa relação com o mundo e, em seguida, indicamos as categorias de sagrado e profano como particularmente relevantes para o estabelecimento da estrutura e da dinâmica social. Ao final, procuramos indicar como essas noções basilares podem dialogar com a teoria da ação e a sociologia compreensiva de Weber, resultando na proposta de uma tipologia da escolha do voto, com o intuito de elucidar um fenômeno candente durante esse processo, qual seja, o do espanto diante de escolha radicalmente oposta por parte de pessoas próximas.The challenge posed by this dossier about the actuality of classics in social sciences encouraged us to write a collective essay in which we articulate fundamental concepts from Émile Durkheim’s theory to understand some aspects of the second turn of 2018 Brazilian presidential elections. To achieve it, we start from the idea of categories and collective representations as socially constructed mediations of our relationship with the world, and then, we indicate the sacred and profane categories as particularly relevant to the establishment of social structure and dynamic. In the end, we intend to indicate how our basic notions can dialogue with Weber’s theory of action and comprehensive sociology, resulting on the proposition of a typology of vote choice, in the hopes of elucidating a candent phenomenon along this process, which is, the shock before a radically opposite choice made by close people