Foreign-Born Population in Upstate New York

For immigrants coming to New York State, NYC has traditionally been the gateway, the area where many first arrive and settle. Since the large number of foreign-born city residents has contributed significantly to population growth in the area, it is not surprising that downstate immigration trends have been well documented. Less often recognized, however, is the fact that a substantial number of immigrants -- more than 200,000 -- make their home in major upstate metropolitan areas. This influx of immigrants upstate has gone relatively unnoticed -- masked, no doubt, by the negligible growth in the region's overall population. This paper relies on 2000 Census data to create a profile of the upstate immigrants and to shed light on the role they play in the region's population growth and economy. It compares the demographic characteristics of this group with those of the foreign-born in New York City. It also investigates the extent to which the immigrants' education and occupational skills put them in competition for jobs with U.S.-born residents or enable them to fill jobs that complement those held by the native-born

The foreign-born population in upstate New York

An analysis of upstate New York's foreign-born residents suggests that they contribute to the region's human capital in important ways. This population boasts a greater concentration of college graduates than either the region's native-born population or immigrants downstate. While some immigrants upstate may compete with U.S.-born workers for jobs, the more highly educated appear to be entering skilled occupations - in medicine, science, and research particularly - that complement those of native-born residents. Subseries: Second District Highlights.Labor mobility ; Immigrants ; Federal Reserve District, 2nd ; Labor supply

Investigating the effects of antioxidant vitamins on the immunocompetence of domestic turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) infected with coccidian parasites

Vitamins are organic compounds essential for healthy metabolism and growth. Additionally, some vitamins also function as antioxidants. In particular, the antioxidant vitamins A (p-carotene) and E (a-tocopherol) are known to enhance the immune response of many animals as well as humans. However, there is relatively little research linking these immune-enhancing effects to domestic turkeys facing parasitic infections, such as coccidiosis. Coccidiosis in birds is expensive to treat, costing the worldwide poultry industry hundreds of millions of dollars annually. Coccidia of the genus Eimeria are protozoans that parasitize poultry via the intestinal tract, causing deleterious effects to survival such as lesioning, reduced growth rate, and mortality. Twenty-two broad breasted white turkey poults {Meleagris gallopovo) were inoculated with 12 000 coccidian oocysts by mouth. The diet for one-half of the subjects was supplemented with high doses of vitamins A and E. Daily fecal samples from each subject were collected starting 72 hours after inoculation for six days. Feces were examined for oocyst concentration per gram of feces using a microscope. The mass of the spleen, testes, bursa of Fabricius, change in body condition, and erythrocyte and white blood cell fractions were also measured for each subject. There was a significant interaction of treatment and sex in the white blood cell fraction (ANOVA, F = 4.716, p - 0.05). Supplemented females showed a significantly higher white blood cell fraction (t-test, t = -3.278, ni = 3, n2 = 8, p = 0.001). Based on these findings, antioxidants may work in conjunction with estrogens to reduce oxidative stress in turkeys that can lead to an enhanced immune response. Future studies should focus on using antioxidants in conjunction with other proven methods to elicit a compound increase in turkey immune function

Help for unemployed borrowers: lessons from the Pennsylvania Homeowners’ Emergency Mortgage Assistance Program

In an environment of high foreclosure rates and distressed housing markets, federal policies are focusing on loan modifications to help delinquent homeowners pay their mortgages. While it is too soon to assess the effectiveness of these modifications, policymakers considering future refinements may gain insight from a more established, state-level enterprise that takes an alternative approach to mortgage relief. The Pennsylvania Homeowners’ Emergency Mortgage Assistance Program provides temporary income support to homeowners unable to pay their mortgage during a spell of unemployment. The program has helped most participants retain their homes while paying off their loans—at a potentially lower cost than that of other relief initiatives.Mortgages ; Unemployment

A Portable Miniaturized Metabolic Gas Analysis System

Previously we proposed construction of a miniaturized metabolic monitor that could be taken aboard the space station to monitor the physiological response of the body in a microgravity environment. The prototype consisted of an on airway non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) CO2 sensor and a luminescence quenching O2 sensor to measure gas concentrations, and differential pressure ports to measure gas flows. Our motivations, prototype design considerations, and initial experiments were presented in a previous paper.1 This paper aims to further examine the efficacy of the prototype device through 1) characterization of the flow profile by using a discharge coefficient, and 2) validation of the oxygen sensor at the high volumetric flows