A customary right or wrong? : a study of the effects of the Kaimoana Customary Fishing Regulations on hapu of Ngati Kahungunu : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

This thesis presents a critical analysis of customary fishing in the light of the rise of indigeneity in these post modern times. The cumulative effects of early colonial fisheries legislation and the exploitation of natural resources aligned with diminished tangata whenua traditional knowledge and practices have generally gone unnoticed. Given recent fisheries litigation and the subsequent legislation development, this study focuses specifically on the effects of the Kaimoana Customary Fishing Regulations (1998) for all the relevant shore based hapu of the iwi/tribal nation of Ngati Kahungunu. The central research question for this thesis explores how these Ngati Kahungunu hapu have responded, adapted, challenged, or adjusted to Crown law and customary fisheries legislation. Of equal significance, is finding out whether or not such contemporary Westminster originating laws engendered difficulties for Maori traditional hapu lore especially when it came to managing their customary fisheries. In order to examine these questions, tangata kaitiaki (Maori customary fisheries managers) were identified as the respondent pool to draw from, and four were selected to be interviewed based on their experience and understanding of the Kaimoana Customary Fishing Regulations and knowledge of their obligations to hapu. As a qualitative piece of research, the interview questionnaire for these chosen tangata kaitiaki allowed for their thoughts and experiences to do the talking and, more importantly, be recorded. The korero of the respondents and results of the study are envisaged as guidelines for improving hapu customary fisheries management practices, traditional knowledge and increased awareness. In addition, the overview of historical and contemporary Maori fisheries provides an understanding and awareness of a complex and difficult subject. The duel need to satisfy academic requirements of Massey University and remain focused on the well-being of Ngati Kahungunu hapu customary fisheries led my preference toward a qualitative research approach principally because Te Ao Maori is immersed in oral traditions. The tangata kaitiaki shared their wisdom and understanding of the Kaimoana regulations based on the impact on their rohe, feedback from their hapu and philosophical values of maintaining and promoting rangatiratanga over their resources. Key indicators from the study show that tangata whenua and particularly tangata kaitiaki are adjusting customary fishing practices and traditions to align with the contemporary reshaping of customary fishing rights into a regulatory regime. All the respondents understood there is no survival of the resource without sustainability, the fundamental aim of kaitiakitanga. And, despite all the administration and resources residing with the Crown, tangata whenua have continued to undertake their kaitiaki responsibilities with little or no resources. After loss of land, chieftainship, language, resources and economic and political power, customary fishing is the last bastion of Maori control over a tangible asset. The key findings of the study sign posts for me the following whakataukï. Ka pu te ruha ka hao te rangatahi ka awatea. The old net is cast aside, the new net goes fishing, it is a new dawn

Agroforestry policy in the USA and Europe

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Results of a statistical approach to rainfall estimation using Nimbus 5 6.7 micrometers and 11.5 micrometers THIR data

Nimbus 5 6.7 mm and 11.5 mm temperature humidity infrared radiometer (THIR) data were used in a simple multiple regression scheme to test the feasibility of using these data to estimate hourly rainfall. Throughout the test area (85 W to 105 W and 45 N to 30 N) subareas (8 deg x 6 deg) were chosen from which point to point and areal statistics were obtained. Four subsets of data were used. The first consisted of only those surface stations indicating precipitation whose latitude and longitude coincided with the THIR grid points. A second used surface stations 0.1 degree from the THIR grid points. The third was a combination of subsets one and two. A reciprocal distance weighting scheme was used to derive precipitation values in data sparse areas. A fourth subset was made using these data combined with the data from subsets one and two. Point estimates resulted in negative correlations between estimated and grid derived "surface" precipitation. One degree areal estimates showed a slight improvement with a correlation coefficient of approximately 0.11. Single regression areal estimates resulted in correlations of approximately 0.11 and 0.20 for the 6.7 mm and 11.5 mm data respectively. These poor results were attributed to problems which are inherent in the satellite data (location errors, short temporal span of data, wavelength of sensors, etc.) and the lack of sufficient surface data to better verify the satellite estimate

Mesoscale cloud phenomena observed by LANDSAT

Examples of certain mesoscale cloud features - jet cirrus, eddies/vortices, cloud banding, and wave clouds - were collected from LANDSAT imagery and placed into Mason's four groups of causes of cloud formation based on the mechanism of vertical motion which produces condensation. These groups are as follows: (1) layer clouds formed by widespread regular ascent; (2) layer clouds caused by irregular stirring motions; (3) convective clouds; and (4) clouds formed by orographic disturbances. These mechanisms explain general cloud formation. Once formed, other forces may play a role in the deformation of a cloud or cloud mass into unusual and unique meso- and microscale patterns. Each example presented is followed by a brief discussion describing the synoptic situation, and some inference into the formation and occurrence of the more salient features. No major attempt was made to discuss in detail the meteorological and topographic interplay producing these mesoscale features

Spectroscopic techniques and the conservation of artists’ acrylic emulsion paints

Artists’ acrylic emulsion paints are used in many contexts such as paintings, murals, sculptures, works on paper and mixed media; and are forming increasing proportions of modern and contemporary art collections. Although acrylic emulsion paints have been the focus of museum-led research over the past decade, the impact of artists’ technique and conservation treatment on the upper-most surface of these paints remains essentially unexplored ; This paper summarises previous studies using vibrational (FTIR) spectroscopy and presents initial assessments of paint surfaces using X-ray spectroscopies (XPS and NEXAFS) aimed at characterising artists’ acrylic paint film surfaces after natural ageing and wet surface cleaning treatment. Both techniques were found to be well suited for surface-sensitive investigations of the organic materials associated with artists’ acrylic paints, including explorations into: (A) cleaning system residues, (B) surfactant extraction from paint surfaces, (C) the identification of migrated surfactant, and (D) monitoring pigment changes at the paint/air interface of paint films ; It has been shown is that these X-ray spectroscopic techniques can be used for the analysis of almost purely organic materials in a way that complements mass spectroscopic techniques, FTIR and XRF. This investigation forms part of broader, currently ongoing, multi-technique investigation into the properties of artists’ acrylic paints and development of conservation treatments for works-of-art made with these materials

Most people think playing chess makes you ‘smarter’, but the evidence isn’t clear on that

Chess has long been an important part of school culture. Many people believe chess has a range of cognitive benefits including improved memory, IQ, problem solving skills and concentration. But there is very little evidence supporting these conclusions. We conducted two studies (still unpublished) that found educators and parents believe chess has many educational benefits. But children in our study who played chess did not show significant improvements in standardised test scores compared to children who didn’t play