TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED MATTRESS TOPPER IMPROVES SLEEP AND RECOVERY IN NCAA DIVISION I FEMALE SOCCER PLAYERS

Casey Greenwalt, Marine Dupuit, Elisa Angeles, Phillipe Gaillard, Owen Munro, Sachin Narayanan, Michael Ormsbee, FACSM. Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL. BACKGROUND: Sleep is imperative to physiological restitution and may have indices to improve performance. There is evidence to suggest that sleep quantity and quality may improve when sleeping in temperatures under 21º C. There is little data surrounding the topic of sleep temperature on performance and recovery in elite athletes, let alone elite female athletes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the impact that controlled sleep temperature has on sleep quantity, sleep quality, and markers of recovery (resting heart rate, heart rate variability, respiratory rate, and recovery score) in elite female athletes. METHODS: 24 Division I female soccer players wore a WHOOP® band continuously for 24h a day throughout the course of a season to measure their activity, sleep, and recovery metrics. Additionally, the players were provided a temperature-controlled mattress topper (ChiliPad®) to help regulate their sleep temperature. Sleep quantity and quality, as well as recovery measurements were recorded before two soccer home matches against top-20 ranked opponents; one with the temperature-controlled mattress (TCM) topper and one without (CON). Data were collected by the strength and conditioning staff as part of their regular athletic performance program, deidentified, and shared with the research team. RESULTS: TCM (7hours 33min) resulted in significantly more total hours of sleep (+32 min, p = 0.011) compared to CON (7 hours 01 min). Recovery score was not significantly altered between TCM (65.4 ±13.2%) and CON (56.8 ± 15.9%; p = 0.082). Subjective sleep quality (based on a scale from 1-10) was significantly higher with TCM (6.9 ± 0.6AU) vs. CON (6.0 ± 1.0AU, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: The use of temperature-controlled sleep mattress toppers may help to improve sleep quantity and quality, however, more research is needed to understand how recovery and performance are impacted by the use of TCM. This study was funded in part by WHOOP, Inc. and SleepMe, Inc

PRE-SLEEP FEEDING IN NCAA DIVISION I FEMALE ATHLETES

Casey Greenwalt1, Lilliana Rentería1, Katherine Schiltz1, Elisa Angeles1, Abbie Smith-Ryan, FACSM2, Chris Bach3, Matthew Vukovich, FACSM4, Stacy Sims5, Tucker Zeleny3, Kristen Holmes6, David Presby7, Michael Ormsbee, FACSM1. 1Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL. 2University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC. 3University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE. 4South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD. 5Auckland University of Technology, Auckland. 6WHOOP, Inc., Boston, MA. 7WHOOP, Inc, Boston, MA. BACKGROUND: Due to the high metabolic demand of sport, it is essential that athletes meet their caloric need to support training, recovery, and muscle growth. Consuming protein (30-40g) before sleep may have positive effects on muscle protein synthesis, overnight recovery, and performance. Currently no data exists to assess pre-sleep nutrition habits in elite female athletes. PURPOSE: To examine the frequency and content of pre-sleep nutrition in elite female athletes. METHODS: 483 Division I female athletes (mean ± SD: age: 21.4 ± 2.5 yrs, weight 67.1 ± 10.2 kg, height 171.2 ± 8.9 cm) from four universities wore a WHOOP, Inc. band 24h a day for the entire 2020-2021 competitive season to measure activity, sleep, and recovery. Surveys were administered through the WHOOP app every 3 days over the season to collect data on pre-sleep feeding habits. Descriptive results were completed using R studio. RESULTS: 3741 pre-sleep feeding survey responses were recorded. Of that, 23.9% (n = 895) of the data was unusable as caloric content could not be determined due to insufficient data reported. The remaining 76.1% (n = 2846) of the survey responses were made up of 276 athletes, of which, 21% (n = 58) ate before bed more than once. The average pre-sleep food intake for n=58 consisted of total kcals (mean ± SD: 283.4 ± 68.8 kcals), protein (8.3 ± 3.2g; 11.5% of total kcals), carbohydrate (35.8 ± 13.0 g; 50.4% of total kcals), and fat (12.1 ± 3.8 g; 38.1% of total kcals). Percentage of each sport that ate before sleep was 24.1% soccer, 13.8% swimming, 12.2% cross country, 8.6% volleyball, 6.9% softball, 5.3% beach volleyball, 3.4% golf, lacrosse, and tennis, 1.7% basketball, and 17.2% the sport was not specified. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to investigate the self-reported frequency of pre-sleep feeding in a wide range of female sports at the NCAA Division I level. Of 483 female athletes in the study, only 58 users recorded that they ate before bed on more than one occurrence. Meals prior to bed primarily consisted of carbohydrate (50.4%) and fat (38.1%), with only 11.5% of pre-sleep kcals coming from protein. The impact of pre-sleep feeding on next-day performance and recovery is warranted. This study was supported by WHOOP, Inc

ENERGY COST OF RESISTANCE TRAINING IN OBESE, PRE-DIABETIC, POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN.

BACKGROUND: Energy expenditure (EE) from exercise is a minor but important consideration in the context of total daily energy demands and plays a role in weight management strategies. This has not been well characterized for resistance training (RT). The purpose of this study was to measure the EE of RT in post-menopausal, pre-diabetic, obese women. Understanding the energy cost of RT in this population will provide valuable to inform health professionals aiming to understand overall energy demands of RT and the application to weight management. METHODS: Nine pre-diabetic, postmenopausal women (50-70 years old, 96.4 ±7.9 kg) completed the resistance training (RT) portion of a larger study approved by FSU Human Subjects Committee. Participant screenings prior to RT excluded those with a blood pressure \u3e140/90 mmHg; type I or type II diabetes; medical contraindications to exercise; recent musculoskeletal disease or injury (\u3c6 months); history of, or current cancer, CVD, respiratory disease, uncontrolled thyroid dysfunction, liver or renal dysfunction; use of tobacco products or medications affecting lipid metabolism; and/or diagnosis with an eating disorder. Participants needed to have a Body Mass Index of 30-39.9 kg/m2, a waist circumference \u3e 88.0 cm, meet at least one criterion of prediabetes (HbA1c 5.7 - 6.4%, fasting blood glucose 100-125 mL/dL, and/or 2-hr OGTT blood glucose 140-199 mg/dL), and be sedentary with a stable bodyweight (\u3c ±2 kg in preceding 6 months). RT involved a circuit of seven machine-based resistance exercises: chest press, horizontal leg press, cable seated row, quad extension, shoulder press, seated hamstring curl, and cable biceps curl. A 10-repetition maximum lift (10RM) was tested for all exercises one week prior to RT. The participants lifted their 10RM for all sets of all exercises. Metabolic rate was measured using a metabolic cart during RT. Each RT session ended when the subject expended 200 kcal. The first ten and final six minutes were discarded from the data set when calculating average EE. RESULTS: The average EE in the RT group was 1.47± 0.33 kcal/min. Interestingly, the EE did not significantly correlate with participant’s bodyweight (r = 0.37, p=0.32), weekly training load (r = 0.10, p = 0.80), or relative strength (r = 0.02, p=0.97). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the EE of post-menopausal, pre-diabetic, obese women during RT is 1.47± 0.33 kcal/min. Grant or funding information: 1 R01 DK125728-01

12 WEEKS OF RESISTANCE EXERCISE TRAINING OR ENDURANCE EXERCISE TRAINING HAS NO EFFECT ON ENERGY EXPENDITURE BEFORE, DURING, OR AFTER AN ACUTE BOUT OF WALKING EXERCISE IN SEDENTARY POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN WITH OBESITY AND PREDIABETES.

BACKGROUND: Prediabetes, often seen alongside obesity and as a precursor to type 2 diabetes, is prevalent in over 50% of women aged 60 years and above. The metabolic health benefits of exercise are widely acknowledged; however, a clear understanding of metabolic changes induced by resistance training (RT) compared to endurance training (ET) is lacking, particularly in older women. Furthermore, it is unclear what the effects are of 12 weeks of RT or ET training on metabolic activity before, during, and after general physical activities, like walking. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impacts of 12-week energy-matched RT or ET on energy expenditure before (resting metabolic rate (RMR)), during, and after an acute bout of walking exercise in postmenopausal women with obesity and prediabetes. METHODS: The study included postmenopausal women with obesity and prediabetes that participated in an ongoing larger study of fat metabolism (n =15; mean ± SD: age: 59 ± 6 yrs.; BMI: 35.17. ± 3.53 kg/m2; BF: 46.87 ± 3.94%). Participants were randomized to 12-weeks of ET (n = 7) or RT (n = 8). In addition, six participants (n=3ET, n=3RT) were randomized for an acute bout of low-intensity (50% VO2 peak) treadmill exercise before and after the 12-weeks of training. Energy expenditure before, during, and after an acute bout of exercise at the same absolute intensity were assessed using indirect calorimetry. All study outcomes were assessed before (PRE) and following (POST) 12 weeks of ET or RT. Statistical analyses with Statistical Analysis System (SAS) using marginal models to determine the main effect of time and training (RT or ET) on study outcomes. Post hoc analyses were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni adjustment with α set at 0.05. RESULTS: No differences between study outcomes were present between RT and ET. At POST, as compared to PRE, there were no differences in RMR (n=15; POST: 1496.25 ± 266.66 vs PRE: 1452.30 ± 150.34 kcal/day; p=0.722), exercise energy expenditure (n=6; POST: 228.85 ± 89.77 vs. PRE: 246.98 ± 67.38 kcals; p=0.695) or acute 10 minute post-exercise energy expenditure (n=6; POST: 14.25 ± 2.67 vs. PRE: 16.39 kcal/day; p=0.237). CONCLUSIONS: When the energy expenditure of exercise training is matched, 12 weeks of either ET or RT do not distinctly alter energy expenditure before, during, or after an acute bout of walking exercise in sedentary postmenopausal women with obesity and prediabetes

THE EFFECTS OF RESISTANCE TRAINING AND PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTATION IN TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT PATIENTS

Christopher Schattinger1, Mia Newlin-Bradner1, Michael J. Ormsbee, FACSM1, Morgan Pleasants1, Jenna Rodgers1, Michael Lauber1, Ginny Smith2, Shelby Vidor2, Catie Yarborough2, Pablo Rengifo-Moreno2, Thomas Noel2, Lynn B. Panton, FACSM1. 1Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL. 2Tallahassee Memorial Healthcare, Tallahassee, FL. BACKGROUND: Many transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) patients develop low muscle mass which increases mortality. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a combination of resistance training with protein supplementation (RT+PRO) or protein supplementation alone (PRO) on muscle mass, strength, and quality of life (QoL) in TAVR patients. METHODS: Twenty-two TAVR patients (75.7±6.5 years) were stratified by gender and arm curl performance into one of two groups: digitally supervised home-based RT and protein supplementation (RT+PRO; n=11) or protein supplementation only (PRO; n=11) for 12 wks. Participants in RT completed a whole-body RT program 2x/wk of 12-15 repetitions for 1 to 3 sets and both groups consumed 75g of whey protein/day. Participants were tested pre and post intervention on anthropometrics, body composition via hand-foot bioelectrical impedance analysis, muscular strength via handgrip dynamometer, push-pull leg dynamometer, 30-second chair stands, 30-second arm curls, and subjective QoL. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to analyze data. Significance was accepted at p\u3c0.05. RESULTS: All participants in RT+PRO completed all RT sessions; adherence to protein consumption over 12 weeks for both groups averaged ~93%. Participants in RT+PRO experienced a significantly greater improvement in 30-second chair stand repetitions (RT+PRO Pre: 11±3, Post: 13±3; PRO Pre: 12±2, Post: 12±3 reps;), time to complete 5 sit-to-stands from a chair (RT+PRO Pre: 12.3±3.8, Post: 9.6±2.7; PRO Pre: 11.2±2.4, Post: 10.9±2.9 secs), and QoL score (RT+PRO Pre: 63.7±12.9, Post: 74.0±14.6; PRO Pre: 69.7±13.6, Post: 69.2±16.1 units), compared to non-exercise PRO group. There were no changes in body composition measures for either group. CONCLUSION: Although RT+PRO did not improve muscle mass, the digitally supervised home-based RT+PRO significantly improved measures of strength and QoL in TAVR patients over 12 weeks compared to a non-exercising PRO group. The convenient nature of home-based RT should be pursued as a method for cardiac rehabilitation to increase both patient participation and benefits from exercise if TAVR patients are faced with barriers such as transportation and lack of reimbursement from insurance companies. Product for this study was donated from Dymatize Nutrition

PRE-LOADED BETAINE IMPROVES THERMOREGULATION WHEN CYCLING IN THE HEAT

BACKGROUND: Heat-related illness compromises health and performance in endurance athletes during training and competition. Betaine (BET) is a nutrient that has been previously identified in animal models to act as an osmolyte and attenuates the effects of thermal stress. However, much of the prior research has only assessed the efficacy of preloading BET in passive heat models. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the effects of preloaded BET in an active heat model. METHODS: Eight endurance-trained males (age 26.4 ± 6.8 years; VO2 Peak 55.5 ± 4.8 mL/kg/min) completed 60 min of cycling at 70% VO2 peak in a hot environment (33° C, 35% RH) after a 7-day supplement loading protocol (50 mg/kg, 2x daily) of placebo (PLA) or BET in a double blind, randomized, counterbalanced, crossover study. Core temperature and thermal sensation were measured at rest and every 10 minutes throughout the active heat protocol. Nude body weight was measured prior to- and immediately post-exercise to calculate sweat rate. No fluid ingestion was allowed during this time. Blood samples were collected at rest, 30 minutes, and immediately after exercise. Visual analog scales were administered before and immediately after exercise to quantify sensations of thirst. Bioelectrical impedance assessed fluid compartments before and after the respective supplementation weeks. RESULTS: Area under curve analysis identified BET as having a smaller overall increase in core body temperature compared to PLA (p = 0.012). Further analysis showed ending core temperature was significantly lower in BET (-0.023 ° C; p = 0.029) than PLA. BET also resulted in a significant increase in sweat rate (mean difference = 0.19 ± 0.20 L/hr; p = 0.02). Blood assessments revealed BET had lower hematocrit at the mid-exercise timepoint compared to PLA (BET: 48.3%; PLA: 50.8%; p = 0.02). Increases in total body water (TBW) and intracellular fluid (ICF) in the BET condition approached significance compared to PLA (TBW: +1.69 L, p = 0.055; ICF: +1.39L, p = 0.066). No significant differences were found between conditions in subjective measures of thermal sensation or thirst (p = 0.318; p = 0.862). CONCLUSION: BET supplementation may have the capacity to mitigate the rise in core body temperature and maintain plasma volume during exercise in an uncompensable heat stress environment, despite having no significant effect on subjective sensations of heat stress