CONTRIBUCIÓN CALÓRICA Y NUTRIMENTAL DEL DESAYUNO A LA DIETA DE ADOLESCENTES ESCOLARES/ CALORIC AND NUTRIENT CONTRIBUTION OF BREAKFAST TO THE DIET OF SCHOOL TEENAGERS

Se ha sugerido que el desayuno hace una importante contribución de nutrimentos a la dieta de los adolescentes. El objetivo de este estudio fue relacionar la ingestión de alimentos del desayuno por medio de su aporte calórico y de macro y micro nutrimentos a la dieta de adolescentes escolares con información de dos recordatorios de 24 horas no consecutivos, en tres municipios del estado de Sonora, México. Los participantes fueron 552 adolescentes de un sistema de educación tecnológica media superior DGTI, con una media de edad de 16 años y rango de 15 a 19 años de los municipios de Nogales, Hermosillo y Navojoa del estado de Sonora, México. 67.0%, 67.5% y 86.8% de los participantes en Nogales, Hermosillo y Navojoa desayunaban. La cantidad de energía que aportó el desayuno fue en promedio 680.7 kilocalorías, misma que corresponde al 26.7% del total de un día que se obtuvo de una media de 2547.8 kilocalorías. El aporte entre los municipios presentó en energía (kcal) diferencias estadísticamente signifi cativas (p< 0.05). La contribución del desayuno en kilocalorías a la dieta fue del 24.3 al 27.8%. Participación que, de acuerdo a algunos autores, se considera que cumple con la recomendación dietaria. ABSTRACT It has been suggested that the breakfast does an important nutrients contribution to the diet of the adolescents. The aim of this study was to relate the consumption of foods at breakfast by means of their caloric intake and macro and micro nutrients to the diet of adolescent students with information on two no-consecutive 24 hours recall. 552 Mexican teenagers (mean 16 range 15-19 years) were enrolled, from three Sonoran cities: Nogales, Hermosillo, and Navojoa. Subjets were registered in DGTI high school system and selection was performed using random numbers and applied to registration by the institution. Results show that breakfast´s energy mean 680.7kcal constitutes 26.7% of the daily calorie intake mean 2547.8 Kcal/day. Diff erences in breakfast´s energy intake (kcal) was found between cities (

'Dose-to-Mother' Deuterium Oxide Dilution Technique: An Accurate Strategy to Measure Vitamin A Intake in Breastfed Infants

In Mexico, infants (0–2 years old) show the highest prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (VAD), measured by serum retinol concentrations. Thus, we consider that low vitamin A (VA) intake through breast milk (BM) combined with poor weaning practices are the main factors that contribute to VAD in this group. We combined the assessment of VA status in lactating women using BM retinol and a stable isotope ‘dose-to-mother’ technique to measure BM production in women from urban and agricultural areas. Infants’ mean BM intake was 758 ± 185 mL, and no difference was observed between both areas (p = 0.067). Mean BM retinol concentration was 1.09 μmol/L, which was significantly lower for the agricultural area (p = 0.028). Based on BM retinol concentration, 57% of women were VAD; although this prevalence fell to 16% when based on fat content. Regardless of the VA biomarker used here, infants from the urban and agricultural areas cover only 66% and 49% of their dietary adequate intake from BM, respectively (p = 0.054). Our data indicate that VAD is still a public health concern in Mexico. Adopting both methods to assess VA transfer from the mother to the breastfed child offers an innovative approach towards the nutritional assessment of vulnerable groups

<i>PADI4</i> Haplotypes Contribute to mRNA Expression, the Enzymatic Activity of Peptidyl Arginine Deaminase and Rheumatoid Arthritis Risk in Patients from Western Mexico

Citrullination is catalyzed by the peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) enzyme, encoded by the PADI4 gene. Increased PAD4 activity promotes the onset and progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study aimed to evaluate the association of PADI4 haplotypes with RA risk, mRNA expression, and the PAD4 activity in patients with RA from Mexico. Methodology: 100 RA patients and 100 control subjects (CS) were included. Genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP method, PADI4 mRNA expression was quantified by real-time PCR, the contribution of PADI4 alleles (PADI4_89 G>A, PADI4_90 T>C, and PADI4_92 G>C) to mRNA expression by the ASTQ method, and PAD4 activity by HPLC. Also, the anti-CCP and anti-PADI4 antibodies were quantified by ELISA. Results: The three PADI4 polymorphisms were associated with RA susceptibility (OR = 1.72, p = 0.005; OR = 1.62; p = 0.014; OR = 1.69; p = 0.009; respectively). The 89G, 90T, and 92G alleles have a higher relative contribution to PADI4 mRNA expression from RA patients than 89A, 90C, and 92C alleles in RA patients. Moreover, the GTG/GTG haplotype was associated with RA susceptibility (OR = 2.86; p = 0.024). The GTG haplotype was associated with higher PADI4 mRNA expression (p = 0.04) and higher PAD4 enzymatic activity (p = 0.007) in RA patients. Conclusions: The evaluated polymorphisms contribute to PADI4 mRNA expression and the enzymatic activity of PAD4 in leukocytes. Therefore, the GTG haplotype is a genetic risk factor for RA in western Mexico, and is associated with increased PADI4 mRNA expression and higher PAD4 activity in these patients