The 13th Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Spectroscopic Data from the SDSS-IV Survey Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory

The fourth generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV) began observations in July 2014. It pursues three core programs: APOGEE-2,MaNGA, and eBOSS. In addition, eBOSS contains two major subprograms: TDSS and SPIDERS. This paper describes the first data release from SDSS-IV, Data Release 13 (DR13), which contains new data, reanalysis of existing data sets and, like all SDSS data releases, is inclusive of previously released data. DR13 makes publicly available 1390 spatially resolved integral field unit observations of nearby galaxies from MaNGA,the first data released from this survey. It includes new observations from eBOSS, completing SEQUELS. In addition to targeting galaxies and quasars, SEQUELS also targeted variability-selected objects from TDSS and X-ray selected objects from SPIDERS. DR13 includes new reductions ofthe SDSS-III BOSS data, improving the spectrophotometric calibration and redshift classification. DR13 releases new reductions of the APOGEE-1data from SDSS-III, with abundances of elements not previously included and improved stellar parameters for dwarf stars and cooler stars. For the SDSS imaging data, DR13 provides new, more robust and precise photometric calibrations. Several value-added catalogs are being released in tandem with DR13, in particular target catalogs relevant for eBOSS, TDSS, and SPIDERS, and an updated red-clump catalog for APOGEE.This paper describes the location and format of the data now publicly available, as well as providing references to the important technical papers that describe the targeting, observing, and data reduction. The SDSS website, http://www.sdss.org, provides links to the data, tutorials and examples of data access, and extensive documentation of the reduction and analysis procedures. DR13 is the first of a scheduled set that will contain new data and analyses from the planned ~6-year operations of SDSS-IV.PostprintPeer reviewe

Estruturas em larga escala em levantamentos fotométricos e espetroscópicos

The dynamics of formation of the observed large-scale structures, along with dark matter, dark energy, the accelerated expansion of the universe and their inter-connections remain as some of the biggest puzzles of modern cosmology and have been extensively investigated over the last years. In particular, understanding the nature of cosmic acceleration foresees important implications for Cosmology, Gravitation and Particle Physics, among others. Complementary cosmological probes from large photometric and spectroscopic galaxy surveys, such as DES and eBOSS, represent a powerful approach to these problems, while simultaneously offering new practical and theoretical challenges for exploiting the information contained in observed data. In this work, we present three analyses of the large scale structure of the universe in the context of two galaxy surveys, the DES and the eBOSS, by measuring clustering signal of tracers for the matter distribution using different approaches to their two-point correlation function and power spectrum. In the context of BOSS-eBOSS, we present contributions to some of the first analyses of the clustering signal in configuration space of ELGs and LRGs with early eBOSS data and their interpretation and comparison with previous data and theoretical models. In the context of DES, we present measurements of the galaxy angular power spectrum of galaxies using data from the first year of observations and use these measurements to search for the BAO feature in harmonic space. This work is part of the DES effort for the analysis of the BAO feature in Y1 data.A dinâmica da formação de estruturas em larga escala no universo, assim como a matéria escura, a energia escura, a expansão acelerada do universo e suas inter-relações permanecem atualmente como grandes desafios da cosmologia moderna e tem motivado numerosos estudos na última década. Em particular, a compreensão da aceleração cósmica prenuncia implicações importantes que podem revolucionar as teorias da cosmologia, gravitação e física de partículas elementares, entre outras. Testes cosmológicos complementares em grandes levantamentos de galáxias óticos e espectroscópicos, como o DES e o eBOSS representam uma abordagem poderosa para estes problemas e, ao mesmo tempo, oferecem novos desafios práticos e teóricos para extrair a informação contida nos dados. Neste trabalho, apresentamos análises da estrutura de larga escala do universo no contexto de dois levantamentos de galáxias, o DES e o eBOSS, medindo o sinal de aglomeração de traçadores para a distribuição de matéria usando diferentes abordagens para sua função de correlação de dois pontos e espectro de potências. No contexto do BOSS-eBOSS, apresentamos contribuições para algumas das primeiras análises do sinal de clustering no espaço de configuração de ELGs e LRGs com dados tempranos do eBOSS e sua interpretação e comparação com dados anteriores e modelos teóricos. No contexto do DES, apresentamos medições do espectro de potência angular de galáxias usando dados do primeiro ano (Y1) de observações e utilizamos estas medidas para estudar o sinal de BAO no espaço harmônico. Este trabalho faz parte do esforço do DES para a análise do sinal de BAO em dados Y1

Large scale structures and dark energy survey

Experimentos modernos com observações das posições e redshifts de galáxias em grandes áreas do céu representam uma poderosa ferramenta para a investigação de modelos cosmológicos. Entretanto, estas observações trazem consigo novos desafios práticos e teóricos para a extração da informação contida nos dados. Esta dissertação faz uma revisão da interpretação teórica da aglomeração de galáxias e dos efeitos de lenteamento gravitacional fraco por estruturas em largas escalas no Universo, no contexto de modelos cosmológicos FLRW. Esta interpretação e geral, na medida em que os efeitos da curvatura espacial são apropriadamente considerados, sendo portanto verdadeiros para Universos FLRW com conteúdos arbitrários de matéria e energia escura. Neste contexto, consideramos a estatística de dois pontos no espaço de configurações e no espaço harmônico, obtendo formulas gerais para a função de correlação de dois pontos no espaço real e no espaço de redshifts. Incluímos ainda efeitos de grandes ângulos e consideramos a aproximação de observador distante de forma apropriada. Uma característica importante de levantamentos fotométricos de galáxias e a de que eles vão ganhar em área e profundidade, em troca de uma pior determinação das posições radiais. Neste contexto, uma técnica padrão para extração de informação cosmológica dos dados consiste em dividir as galáxias em bins de redshift, de forma a assim usar a função de correlação angular (ACF) w() e o espectro de potencias angular (APS) C. Nesta dissertação também tratamos o problema de vincular parâmetros cosmológicos usando técnicas de inferência estatística Bayesiana a partir das medidas da ACF e do APS em grandes escalas. Diferentes técnicas computacionais são discutidas e um modelo detalhado para a ACF em grandes escalas ´e apresentado, incluindo todos os efeitos relevantes, como não-linearidades gravitacionais, o bias, distorções no espaço de redshift, e incertezas nas estimativas de redshifts (photo-zs). Apresentamos uma analise da ACF em grandes escalas para galáxias do CMASS, um catalogo de redshifts fotométricos baseado no Data Release 8 do Sloan Digital Sky Survey- III, mostrando que a ACF pode ser eficientemente aplicada para vincular cosmologia em levantamentos fotométricos do futuro. Também apresentamos uma analise similar em dados simulados do Dark Energy Survey, mostrando que no futuro próximo tal analise nos permitira vincular modelos cosmológicos com precisão ainda maior. Finalmente, apresentamos um trabalho preliminar sobre correlações angulares de posição e shear no espaço harmônico para as simulações Onion.Modern wide-area multi-color deep galaxy redshift surveys provide a powerful tool to probe cosmological models. Yet they bring new practical and theoretical challenges in order to exploit the information contained in their data. This dissertation reviews the theoretical interpretation of clustering of galaxies and shear/convergence weak lensing effects by the large scale structure of the Universe in the context of FLRW cosmological models. This interpretation is general in the sense that the effects of the spatial curvature are properly taken into account, thus holding for FLRW Universes with arbitrary content of matter and dark energy. In this context, we consider two-point statistics both in configuration and harmonic spaces, providing general formulae for the two-point correlation function in real and redshift space. We further include wide angle effects and consider the proper distant observer approximation. One main characteristic of photometric galaxy surveys is that they will gain in area and depth, in exchange for a poorer determination of radial positions. In this context splitting the data into redshift bins and using the angular correlation function (ACF) w() and the angular power spectrum (APS) C constitutes a standard approach to extract cosmological information. This dissertation also addresses the problem of constraining cosmological parameters using Bayesian inference techniques from measurements of the ACF and the APS on large scales. Different computational approaches are discussed to accomplish this goal and a detailed model for the ACF at large scales is presented including all relevant effects, namely nonlinear gravitational clustering, bias, redshift-space distortions and photo-z uncertainties. We present an analysis of the large scale ACF of the CMASS luminous galaxies, a photometric-redshift catalogue based on the Data Release 8 (DR8) of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey-III, showing that the ACF can be efficiently applied to constrain cosmology in future photometric galaxy surveys. We also present a similar analysis on simulated data from the Dark Energy Survey (DES), showing that in the near future such analysis will allow us to constrain cosmological models with even high precision. Finally, we also present preliminary work on the position and shear angular correlations in harmonic space for the Onion simulations

Photometric redshifts and clustering of emission line galaxies selected jointly by DES and eBOSS

We present the results of the first observations of the emission line galaxies (ELG) of the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey. From the total 9000 targets, 4600 have been selected from the Dark Energy Survey (DES). In this subsample, the total success rate for redshifts between 0.6 and 1.2 is 71 and 68 per cent for a bright and a faint samples, respectively, including redshifts measured from a single strong emission line. The mean redshift is 0.80 for the bright and 0.87 for the faint sample, while the percentage of unknown redshifts is 15 and 13 per cent, respectively. In both cases, the star contamination is lower than 2 per cent. We evaluate how well the ELG redshifts are measured using the target selection photometry and validating with the spectroscopic redshifts measured by eBOSS. We explore different techniques to reduce the photometric redshift outliers fraction with a comparison between the template fitting, the neural networks and the random forest methods. Finally, we study the clustering properties of the DES SVA1 ELG samples. We select only the most secure spectroscopic redshift in the redshift range 0.6 < z < 1.2, leading to a mean redshift for the bright and faint sample of 0.85 and 0.90, respectively. We measure the projected angular correlation function and obtain a galaxy bias averaging on scales from 1 to 10 Mpc h−1 of 1.58 ± 0.10 for the bright sample and 1.65 ± 0.12 for the faint sample. These values are representative of a galaxy population with MB − log(h) < −20.5, in agreement with what we measure by fitting galaxy templates to the photometric data

Photometric redshifts and clustering of emission line galaxies selected jointly by DES and eBOSS

We present the results of the first observations of the emission line galaxies (ELG) of the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey. From the total 9000 targets, 4600 have been selected from the Dark Energy Survey (DES). In this subsample, the total success rate for redshifts between 0.6 and 1.2 is 71 and 68 per cent for a bright and a faint samples, respectively, including redshifts measured from a single strong emission line. The mean redshift is 0.80 for the bright and 0.87 for the faint sample, while the percentage of unknown redshifts is 15 and 13 per cent, respectively. In both cases, the star contamination is lower than 2 per cent. We evaluate how well the ELG redshifts are measured using the target selection photometry and validating with the spectroscopic redshifts measured by eBOSS. We explore different techniques to reduce the photometric redshift outliers fraction with a comparison between the template fitting, the neural networks and the random forest methods. Finally, we study the clustering properties of the DES SVA1 ELG samples. We select only the most secure spectroscopic redshift in the redshift range 0.6 < z < 1.2, leading to a mean redshift for the bright and faint sample of 0.85 and 0.90, respectively. We measure the projected angular correlation function and obtain a galaxy bias averaging on scales from 1 to 10 Mpc h−1 of 1.58 ± 0.10 for the bright sample and 1.65 ± 0.12 for the faint sample. These values are representative of a galaxy population with MB − log(h) < −20.5, in agreement with what we measure by fitting galaxy templates to the photometric data

International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortiu (INICC) report, data summary of 43 countries for 2007-2012. Device-associated module

We report the results of an International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2007-December 2012 in 503 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. During the 6-year study using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) U.S. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care–associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 605,310 patients hospitalized in the INICC's ICUs for an aggregate of 3,338,396 days. Although device utilization in the INICC's ICUs was similar to that reported from ICUs in the U.S. in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals: the pooled rate of central line–associated bloodstream infection in the INICC's ICUs, 4.9 per 1,000 central line days, is nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.9 per 1,000 central line days reported from comparable U.S. ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher (16.8 vs 1.1 per 1,000 ventilator days) as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (5.5 vs 1.3 per 1,000 catheter days). Frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (42.8% vs 10%) and imipenem (42.4% vs 26.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (71.2% vs 28.8%) and imipenem (19.6% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC's ICUs compared with the ICUs of the CDC's NHSN

Measurement of the Cross Sections of Ξc0\Xi^0_{c} and Ξc+\Xi^+_{c} Baryons and of the Branching-Fraction Ratio BR(Ξc0→Ξ−e+νe\Xi^0_{c} \rightarrow \Xi^-{e}^+\nu_{ e})/BR(Ξc0→Ξ−π+\Xi^0_{c} \rightarrow \Xi^-\pi^+) in pp collisions at 13 TeV

The $p_T$-differential cross sections of prompt charm-strange baryons Ξ$_c^0$ and Ξ$_c^+$ were measured at midrapidity (|y|<0.5) in proton-proton (pp) collisions at a center-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The Ξ$_c^0$ baryon was reconstructed via both the semileptonic decay (Ξ$^-$e$^+$ν$_e$) and the hadronic decay (Ξ$^-$π$^+$) channels. The Ξ$_c^+$ baryon was reconstructed via the hadronic decay (Ξ$^-$π$^+$π$^+$) channel. The branching-fraction ratio BR(Ξ$_c^0$→Ξ$^-$e$^+$ν$_e$)/BR(Ξ$_c^0$→Ξ$^-$π$^+$) = 1.38±0.14(stat)±0.22(syst) was measured with a total uncertainty reduced by a factor of about 3 with respect to the current world average reported by the Particle Data Group. The transverse momentum ($p_T$) dependence of the Ξ$_c^0-$ and Ξ$_c^+$-baryon production relative to the D$^0$ meson and to the Σ$_c^{0,+,++}$- and Λ$_c^+$-baryon production are reported. The baryon-to-meson ratio increases toward low $p_T$ up to a value of approximately 0.3. The measurements are compared with various models that take different hadronization mechanisms into consideration. The results provide stringent constraints to these theoretical calculations and additional evidence that different processes are involved in charm hadronization in electron-positron (e$^+$e$^-$) and hadronic collisions