Archival Documents Relating to Suhara Village Mosque in Çıldır District of Ardahan

During the researches we conducted on the historic mosques in Ardahan, we reached Ottoman documents, dating to the Ottoman period and the period of Czarist Russian rule, which are related to the historical mosque, located in Suhara Village of Çıldır district. These documents, which have not been published until now, concern the studies in art history by shedding light on topics such as the history and construction processes of the building. Thus, this mosque, which is registered in the Ottoman archives with the name Kanberzade Mosque, is named after the family known as Kanberzadeler in Çıldır. On the other hand, these documents are valuable historical documents with the clues provided by Çıldır, a province in the Ottoman state, regarding the administrative structure, population, social structure and common social life. In this article these documents are published by means of transliteration, while information about their content and the importance they carried in the context of the ways in which they provide an insight into the history of a town mosque in Anatolia are given

The conservation of the industrial heritage related to sericulture in Bursa

Tarihi İpek Yolu üzerinde eski bir ipekçilik merkezi olan Bursa’nın tarihi kent dokusu içinde yer alan onbir ipek fabrikası, kentin ipekçilikle ilgili geçmişinin 19. ve 20. yüzyıldan kalan izleridir. Kentteki ipekçilik faaliyetinin 1980’lerden sonra terk edilmesiyle özgün işlevlerini yitiren bu fabrikalar bakımsızlık, ihmal, bilinçsiz onarım ve yenileme gibi nedenlerle harap olmakta, değişmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Bursa’daki ipek fabrikalarının mevcut durumları belgelenerek, ipekçilikle ilgili endüstri mirası olarak tanınmaları ve yaşatılmaları için olanaklar araştırılmıştır. Bursa’nın ipekçilik tarihi ve fiziksel dokusunun gelişimi ile ilgili birer belge niteliği taşıyan  fabrikaların özgün değerlerini koruyarak geleceğe aktarılabilmeleri için öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Bursa, ipekçilik, ipek fabrikaları, endüstri mirası, koruma. Sericulture, was an universal culture, improved and expanded by training and practice. The Silk Road, which connected Asia and Europe, is an outcome of this culture. The legendary road created a lively commercial and cultural development at its stopping points. Bursa, once the capital of the Ottoman Empire, became an important sericulture center on the Silk Road during the fourteenth century and preserved its importance until mid twentieth century. During the nineteenth century, Ottomans started to provide raw silk for the silk weaving industry in Europe. The demand for semi-finished products urged the import of technology from Europe, resulting in the establishment of many steam-powered silk factories in Bursa. In the early years of the Turkish Republic, the weaving sector in the city was revived. With this new impetus, new units were added to steam-powered silk factories of the nineteenth century. The sericulture activities in the city came to an end about 1980 with the import of cheaper silk from the Far East. There are eleven redundant silk factories within the historic city of Bursa. These factories are under the risk of total extinction due to neglect or modifications. The aim of this study is to explore the possibilities for the preservation of the factories. The surviving structures have been surveyed and proposals have been developed to define the methodological framework for the conservation of the industrial heritage related to sericulture in Bursa.  Keywords: Bursa, sericulture, silk factories, industrial heritage, conservation

Applications of Wine Pomace in the Food Industry: Approaches and Functions

Winemaking generates large amounts ofwine pomace, also called grape pomace. This by-product has attracted the attention of food scientists and the food industry, due to its high content in nutrients and bioactive compounds. This review mainly focuses on the different published approaches to the use of wine pomace and its functions in the food industry. Traditionally, wine pomace has been used to obtain wine alcohol, food colorings, and grape seed oil. More recently, research has focused in the production of other value-added products, such as extracts of bioactive compounds, mainly phenols, recovery of tartaric acid, and the making of flours. The most common functions associated with wine pomace products are their use as antioxidants, followed by their use as fortifying, coloring, and antimicrobial agents. These products have mainly been applied to the preparation of meat and fish products and to, a lesser extent, cereal products.Autonomous Government of Castilla y León, Spain, through the research project BU282U13

The Restoration Project Of The Hakki Misistreli House And The Tekeli House At Antalya Citadel

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1996Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 1996Tezin konusu; Antalya Kaleiçi' nde Turizm Bakanlığı tarafından 49 yıllığına Toprak Holding' e kiraya verilen Hakkı Misistreli ve Tekeli evlerine yeni işlevler verilerek restore edilmeleridir. Çalışmalara yapıların 1/50 ölçekli rölöveleri hazırlanarak başlanmıştır. Yapıların 1974 tarihinde O.D.T.Ü. tarafından hazırlanan rölövelerine ve aynı yıl çekilen fotoğraflarına dayanarak restitüsyonlan yapılmıştır. Bölgede artan turizm yoğunluğu da gözönüne alınarak, yapıların yeni işlevleri belirlenmiştir. Bu işlevlerin, tarihi konutların özelliklerini bozmayacak şekilde uyarlanabilmelerini amaçlayan restorasyon projeleri hazırlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Hakkı Misistreli ve Tekeli Evlerinin, Antalya Kaleiçi' nin tarihi ve mimari özelliklerini yansıtan belgeler olarak korunmaları ve günün koşullarına uygun donanımlara kavuşturulmaları sağlanmaya çalışılmıştır.The Hakkı Misistreli and Tekeli houses are located at Antalya Citadel on a spot which has a large panorama of the old harbour. Their construction dates and architects are not known but according to their architectural style, it is assumed that they are late 19th century Ottoman buildings and were probably constructed by Greek Craftsmen. The houses are surrounded by "Dizdar Hasan Street" on the north-west, "Merdivenli Street" on the north-east, the old city walls on the south-east and south west. Although the buildings are placed at Antalya Citadel, one of the crowded historical place of Antalya, they have a relatively quiet atmosphere because they are far from the dense tourism activity zone. These buildings have been chosen as the subject of a thesis because they are important as examples of the residential architecture of Antalya. Unfortunately they are in a state of neglect as they are not inhabited for twentytwo years. For the rehabilitation of Antalya Citadel the Hakkı Misistreli and Tekeli houses were expropriated by The Ministry of Tourism and Information in 1974. The first phase of the procedure was completed but the second phase which includes these buildings has not been carried out yet because of financial problems. In 1994, the contractors were invited to present the bid realized by The Ministry of Tourism and Information. Thereupon the buildings were let to Toprak Holding Company for a period of 49 years. The thesis is based upon the principle of determining their situation, history, architectural charecteristics and of making a comparison with their situations analysed in 1974 and these were supported with drawings and photographs by Middle East Technical University. The Hakkı Misistreli house has an "L" plan with a courtyard. There is no direct entrance from the street into the house. In between, there is an intermediary space, in the form of a courtyard. The Hakkı Misistreli house has two - storeys and there is a mezzanine - floor used during winter. Ground floor walls were built with rubble stones. Upper floor was constructed as a timber frame. The house with its courtyard having a cistern and a paved patio show characteristics of Antalya traditional house. There are projections on south-east and south-west facades of the building. The hipped - roof is covered with ceramictiles. Before the expropriation, the building was used by two different families. To meet the requirements of these families, the building underwent many changes. The big space on the upper floor, origanally planned as sofa, was divided in order to serve as rooms, P3, P4 on the ground floor, P5, P6 on the mezzanine - floor, P13, P14 on the upper floor were formed later by dividing the main rooms of the house, another stair was added to the south-east of the paved patio, on some walls new windows and doors were installed. « As it has not been used since 1974, the Hakkı Misistreli house is in a dilapidated state. A large part of the south-west exterior wall collapsed. As a result of this, the floors of P5, P6, P13, P14 spaces were lost also. This part needs an urgent repair. Cracks can also present on the north-west facade. xxxn The timber - framed walls on the upper floor are not in good condition. The timber casements of windows, doors and closets are not present. The Tekeli house is a two - storeyed main building with a one - storey extension. The main building has a square plan with an interior sofa. The entrance to the house is on the north facade of the main building. Exterior walls of the ground floor and the extension were built with roughly hawn stones. These stone walls continue on east and west facades of the upper floor. Upper floor was constructed with a timber frame. The hipped - roof of the house is covered with ceramictiles as in the Hakkı Misistreli house. The Tekeli house is different from the other Antalya traditional houses with its decorative features on the north facade and its plan. After 1974, the building fell into disrepair. The timber - framed walls on the upper floor are not in good condition and the woodworks of windows, doors and closets are not present. Also a large part of the exterior wall on the east facade of the main building and the extension on the west facade collapsed. As a result of this, the roof of the main building has begun to fall down and the roof of extension completely collapsed. For the restoration project, studies started by comparing the architectural surveys by Middle East Technical University in 1974 and the present situation of the buildings. That it was possible to determine later additions and changes to the structures 1/50 scaled drawings of the present situation were prepared with 1/10 scaled details. The present situation of the buildings have also been documented photographically. This thesis consists of seven chapters and it is aimed to describe the buildings and to make some proposals for their reuse. xxxm The first chapter contains a general introduction and explanations about the aim and methodology of the work. The second chapter provides a general information about the city of Antalya; its geographical location, climate and the historical development in the region. The communities which settled the area during the period from the Hellenistic Age up to present time are shortly explained. For historical research, the notes of the famous writers and travellers, like îbn-i Batuta, Evliya Çelebi, Lanckoronsky, Beaufort, who visited the region during Seljuk and Ottoman Empires, were used. In the third chapter, the characteristics of Antalya Citadel settlement has been examined. The historical development of the settlement, its border and monumental buildings are given in detail. The social - economic status of the settlement is defined. The architectural features: plan, elevation, ornament pecularities and construction techniques of traditional houses in the Citadel are explained in tins part. The fourth chapter is about the conservation activities at Antalya Citadel. The developments about conservation since 1979 are discussed briefly including the regulation decisions of the Conservation Revision Plan (1991) prepared by Middle East Technical University. The studies done during the preparation of this plan and comparison with Protection and Reconstruction Plan prepared in 1979 also take part in this chapter. In the fifth chapter; the present situations of the Hakkı Misitreli and Tekeli houses have been analysed. Information about their locations, the history of the buildings and general charecteristics and detailed definitions are also given in this part. Interior spaces and facades have been described. Scaled drawings and photographs support the written description. Information is given about different types of windows and doors, the structure (foundations, walls, floors, roofs), the construction techniques, meterials and deformations of the buildings. xxxrv In the sixth chapter; the reconstruction drawings of the buildings were produced based upon the evidences such as the photographs and the measured drawings prepared by Middle East Technical University in 1974. The seventh chapter contains proposals for the conservation and re-use of the houses. The main principles to determine the type of interventions are to fulfill the enviromental necessities and to take appropriate measures in order to help the Hakkı Misistreli house and the Tekeli house to continue to live as valuable buildings.Yüksek LisansM.Sc

Involvement of autophagy in T cell biology

Autophagy is an essential cellular pathway that sequesters various cytoplasmic components, including accumulated proteins, damaged organelles or invading microorganisms and delivers them to lysosomes for degradation. The function of autophagy has been reported in various tissues and systems, including its role in the regulation of cellular immunity. Autophagy plays a fundamental role at various stages of T cell maturation. It regulates the thymocyte selection and the generation of T cell repertoire by presenting intracellular antigens to MHC class molecules. Autophagy is crucial for metabolic regulation of T cells, and therefore supports cell survival and homeostasis, particularly in activated mature T cells. Furthermore, deletion of specific autophagy-related genes induces several immunological alterations including differentiation of activated T cells into regulatory, memory or natural killer T cells. In this review, we emphasize the impact of autophagy on T cell development, activation and differentiation, which is pivotal for the adaptive immune system

Induction of autophagic cell death by anticancer agents

Autophagy is a cellular degradation and recycling pathway contributing to cell survival under stressful conditions (e.g. starvation and growth factor deprivation). Depending on the cellular context, excessive autophagy might sometimes lead to a non-apoptotic programmed death, namely to “autophagic cell death”. Studies using various pharmacological agents and substances with anticancer properties, revealed a role for autophagy in cancer cell elimination. In this chapter, we will document and analyze the contribution of autophagy to cell death activated by various anticancer agents. The chapter will be limited to cases where blockage of autophagy using chemical inhibitors or genetic approaches resulted in the survival of cancer cells during drug treatment, hence, to the examples of “autophagy-related or autophagic cell death” (ACD). In other words, in studies that will be discussed here, autophagy seemed to play a rate-limiting role in cellular demise, irrespective of the downstream executionary event. Paradoxically, autophagy was reported to play a prosurvival role (i.e. inhibition of autophagy potentiated cell death) in other cancer cell types treated with similar drugs, underlining cellular context dependence of ACD. Usage of drugs downregulating anti-autophagic pathways (e.g. mTORC1 and AKT pathways) or stimulating the dissociation of the key autophagy protein BECN1 (Beclin 1 protein) from an inhibitory complex with BCL-2 proteins as monotherapy or combination treatment, seemed to strongly activate ACD and to overcome death-resistance of cancer cells in several cases. Yet, death execution mechanisms downstream to autophagy revealed to be multiple. In addition to lysosomal degradation-mediated mechanisms, apoptosis, necroptosis or lysosomal membrane permeabilization were involved in autophagy-related cell death. Nevertheless, study and exploitation of autophagy and ACD certainly has the potential to give rise to novel and effective treatment strategies, especially in cancer types that are refractory to conventional chemotherapy and associated with poor prognosis