Multiwavelength fiber laser based on different types of semiconductor optical amplifiers

Communication system in optical fiber technology has emerged as a demanding field especially for the new dense wavelength-division multiplexed (DWDM) system wherein many functional applications and basic laser system are included. The generation of multiple laser lines in multiwavelength fiber laser (MWFL) is significant in semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) device utilization as a medium of gain to achieve a flat laser spectrum. Apart from Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and Raman amplification that have high mode competition and high pumping power respectively, MWFL configuration has delegated SOA due to its special inhomogeneous characteristic as a device of stability compared to other devices of scattering and amplification effects. An investigation on the types of different wideband travelling wave (TW) SOA with parameters such as optical gain, output power, noise figure (NF) and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise and bias current was carried out through OptiSystem and MATLAB software and then verified by benchtop experiments. Linear SOA had the most flat gain with low NF and ASE pattern at input power -30 dBm compared with nonlinear SOA. A practical Lyot-combed and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) were constructed using unidirectional single cavity in different types of SOA and linear SOA displayed the flattest peak powers. Multiwavelength spectrum from linear, nonlinear SOA and booster optical amplifier (BOA) were varied by intensity, polarization angle (PA), in-line polarizer and time stability by applying performance evaluator such as the number of laser lines, extinction ratio (ER), channel spacing and highest optical power. The laser experiment for linear SOA concluded with the flattest spectrum in time stability which was true to the characterization modelling result and it also acted differently as nonlinear SOA and BOA that vary greatly to nonlinearity with different PA

Effect of semiconductor optical amplifiers types on multiwavelength fiber laser performance

This paper demonstrates a multiwavelength fiber laser (MWFL) using different types of semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) in conjunction with Lyot filter as comb filter. Three different SOAs were compared; linear, non-linear and booster optical amplifier (BOA). The multiwavelength generation using BOA had produced the best performance with extinction ratio (ER) of 52dB and peak power of -13.2dBm

Emerging nanotheranostics for 5-fluorouracil in cancer therapy:A systematic review on efficacy, safety, and diagnostic capability

The conventional concept of using nanocarriers to deliver chemotherapeutic drugs has advanced to accommodate additional diagnostic capability. Nanotheranostic agents (NTA), combining both treatment and diagnostic tools, are an ideal example of engineering-health integration for cancer management. Owing to the diverse materials used to construct NTAs, their safety, effectiveness, and diagnostic accuracy could vary substantially. This systematic review consolidated current NTAs incorporating 5-fluorouracil and elucidated their toxicity, anticancer efficacy, and imaging capability. Medline and Embase databases were searched up to March 18, 2022. The search, selection, and extraction were performed by the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines to ensure completeness and reproducibility. Original research papers involving 5-fluorouracil in the preparation of nanoparticles which reported their efficacy, toxicity, and diagnostic capability in animal cancer models were recruited. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Collaborative Approach to Meta-Analysis and Review of Animal Data from Experimental Studies (CAMARADES) checklist. Nine studies were eligible for the systematic review. There was no significant toxicity reported based on animal weight and organ histology. Complete tumor remission was observed in several animal models using chemo-thermal ablation with NTAs, proving the enhancement of 5-fluorouracil efficacy. In terms of imaging performance, the time to achieve maximum tumor image intensity correlates with the presence of targeting ligand on NTAs. The NTAs, which are composed of tumor-targeting ligands, hold promises for further development. Based on the input of current NTA research on cancer, this review proposed a checklist of parameters to recommend researchers for their future NTA testing, especially in animal cancer studies. Systematic Review Registration: website, identifier registration number