A Historical Overview and Analysis of the Use of Hungarian Folk Music in Zoltán Kodály's Háry János Suite, Dances of Marosszék, and Dances of Galánta

At the beginning of the twentieth century, many composers looked towards the music of their own heritage as source material for their original compositions. In Hungary, one composer who dedicated a significant portion of his life to the research, study, and transcription of folk music is Zoltán Kodály. Three of his orchestral works dating from 1926 to 1933 make imaginative use of various Hungarian folk melodies within orchestral textures that also include the traditional idioms of concert music. These three works are the Háry János Suite, Dances of Marosszék, and Dances of Galánta. These three pieces are closely examined for their adherence to the customs of Hungarian folk music, influence of Western practices within the work, and how Kodály combines the two elements to form original ideas. A brief history of Hungary is also included, as is the evolution of the Hungarian folk music style. Important folk instruments, and noteworthy cultural influences, particularly the traditions of the Roma culture, that directly impact the genre are also examined

The Structural Determinants of Americans' Justice Perceptions Toward Inequality in the U.S.

In accordance with structural theory and distributive justice theory, this study investigates if Americans' personal encounters with the opportunity structure and their existing reward conditions will influence their perceptions toward distribution outcomes in the U.S. I argue that higher-status individuals possessing various "attributes of structural privilege" will exhibit less support for regulating income inequality in society than lower-status individuals. Upward mobility should also be negatively related to support for restoring greater equality in allocation outcomes. However, the effect of mobility on justice perceptions should vary by class status, since class has been known to be a reliable predictor of these attitudes. The study employed a sample of 438 American adults from the GSS 2000 dataset, and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression was applied in the analyses of the data. Two of the three above hypotheses received partial confirmation, that is, there were class, race, and gender differences in distributive justice perceptions. Class also interacted significantly with occupational mobility in altering distributive justice perceptions

Developing a water demand management plan

A fit-to-context WDM plan can help inform water service providers how to achieve efficient water use and optimise existing water resources before contemplating the development of additional resources and infrastructure. Plans may incorporate WDM measures with clearly defined objectives, approach, potential outcomes, and timelines for implementation. On implementation, regular monitoring and assessments of WDM measures can ensure that they adapt to changing conditions and remain effective

Key challenges to urban water management in ASEAN

The ASEAN region experiences several socio-economic and environmental challenges brought on by rapid urbanisation, rising living standards, population growth, and climate change. Such challenges are severely impacting the region’s water access and long-term security. As a response to these challenges, governments have identified urban water demand management (WDM) as one of the measures of strategic importance. WDM aims to provide water users with efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable water supplies through various mechanisms

Non-price mechanisms

Water users’ consumption behaviour may be influenced by non-economic tools to reduce their water usage and/or shape water-use practices and habits. Such measures include, but are not limited to, education and awareness-raising campaigns, water restrictions, water-saving devices and labelling schemes, water efficiency audits, and consumer outreach through utility bills. Water service providers are gradually incorporating these as part of their WDM strategies. In ASEAN, non-price mechanisms are widely implemented through various measures with demonstrated effectiveness in outcomes

Economic instruments

Water users’ consumption behaviour may be influenced via economic means such as by offering financial rewards and/or imposing monetary costs. The three most commonly used types of economic instruments are tariff structuring, water rebates, and fines for excessive use. Tariff mechanisms are the most commonly used economic instrument for WDM in ASEAN where several major cities have implemented an increasing block tariff (IBT) system

Key water demand management measures

A water demand management typology identifies three key WDM measures, namely: water losses, economic instruments, and non-price mechanisms. The guidebook describes each of these measures and provides case illustrations of their effective implementation in different ASEAN cities

Introduction

This guidebook on urban water demand management in ASEAN seeks to document and synthesise good WDM policies, measures, and practices, relevant to ASEAN stakeholders. In particular, the guidebook is expected to be useful to policymakers interested in considering non-structural (Soft approaches/non-price mechanisms such as public education campaigns and school curricula, water efficiency audits and benchmarking, outreach and communication through utility bills, etc.) approaches to water management; to regulators in monitoring and incentivising performance in the water sector; and water service providers in increasing their service efficiency

Concluding remarks and water demand management measure overview

WDM has a critical role to play in securing future water supplies. The management of water resources in cities globally has changed in recent years, due to rapid population growth, urbanisation, rising living standards, and impacts of climate change. This has resulted in the need to develop more sustainable and efficient urban water systems worldwide, with urgency