Dust in Hot Plasma of Nearby Dusty Elliptical Galaxies Observed with the Spitzer Space Telescope

We report on mid- and far-IR Spitzer observations of 7 nearby dusty elliptical galaxies by using the Multiband Imaging Photometer (MIPS) and Infrared Spectrograph (IRS). Our sample galaxies are known to contain an excessive amount of interstellar dust against sputtering destruction in hot plasma filling the interstellar space of elliptical galaxies. In order to study the origin and the properties of the excess dust in the hot plasma, we selected galaxies with a wide range of X-ray luminosities but similar optical luminos ities for our Spitzer Guest Observers (GO1) program. The 7 galaxies are detected at the MIPS 24 um, 70 um, and 160 um bands; the far- to mid-IR flux ratios of relatively X-ray-bright elliptical galaxies are lower than those of X-ray-faint galaxies. From the IRS spectra, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission features are detected significantly from 5 of the 7 galaxies; t he emission intensities are weaker as the X-ray luminosity of the galaxy is larger. We have found a correlation between the far- to mid-IR flux ratio and the equivalent width of the PAH emission feature. We have obtained apparent spatial correspondence between mid-IR and X-ray distributions in the outer regions for the three X-ray-brightest galaxies in our sample. Possible interpretations for our observational results are discussed.Comment: 25 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japa

Effects of high-energy ionizing particles on the Si:As mid-infrared detector array on board the AKARI satellite

We evaluate the effects of high-energy ionizing particles on the Si:As impurity band conduction (IBC) mid-infrared detector on board AKARI, the Japanese infrared astronomical satellite. IBC-type detectors are known to be little influenced by ionizing radiation. However we find that the detector is significantly affected by in-orbit ionizing radiation even after spikes induced by ionizing particles are removed. The effects are described as changes mostly in the offset of detector output, but not in the gain. We conclude that the changes in the offset are caused mainly by increase in dark current. We establish a method to correct these ionizing radiation effects. The method is essential to improve the quality and to increase the sky coverage of the AKARI mid-infrared all-sky-survey map.Comment: 16 pages, 8 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in PAS

High Precision CTE-Measurement of SiC-100 for Cryogenic Space-Telescopes

We present the results of high precision measurements of the thermal expansion of the sintered SiC, SiC-100, intended for use in cryogenic space-telescopes, in which minimization of thermal deformation of the mirror is critical and precise information of the thermal expansion is needed for the telescope design. The temperature range of the measurements extends from room temperature down to $\sim$ 10 K. Three samples, #1, #2, and #3 were manufactured from blocks of SiC produced in different lots. The thermal expansion of the samples was measured with a cryogenic dilatometer, consisting of a laser interferometer, a cryostat, and a mechanical cooler. The typical thermal expansion curve is presented using the 8th order polynomial of the temperature. For the three samples, the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE), \bar{\alpha}_{#1}, \bar{\alpha}_{#2}, and \bar{\alpha}_{#3} were derived for temperatures between 293 K and 10 K. The average and the dispersion (1 $\sigma$ rms) of these three CTEs are 0.816 and 0.002 ($\times 10^{-6}$/K), respectively. No significant difference was detected in the CTE of the three samples from the different lots. Neither inhomogeneity nor anisotropy of the CTE was observed. Based on the obtained CTE dispersion, we performed an finite-element-method (FEM) analysis of the thermal deformation of a 3.5 m diameter cryogenic mirror made of six SiC-100 segments. It was shown that the present CTE measurement has a sufficient accuracy well enough for the design of the 3.5 m cryogenic infrared telescope mission, the Space Infrared telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics (SPICA).Comment: in press, PASP. 21 pages, 4 figure

AKARI near-infrared spectroscopy of the aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbon emission features in the galactic superwind of M 82

Aims. We investigate the properties of hydrocarbon grains in the galactic superwind of M 82. Methods. With AKARI, we performed near-infrared (2.5 - 4.5 um) spectroscopic observations of 34 regions in M 82 including its northern and southern halos. Results. Many of the spectra show strong emission at 3.3 um due to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and relatively weak features at 3.4 - 3.6 um due to aliphatic hydrocarbons. In particular, we clearly detect the PAH 3.3 um emission and the 3.4 - 3.6 um features in halo regions, which are located at a distance of 2 kpc away from the galactic center. We find that the ratios of the 3.4 - 3.6 um features to the 3.3 um feature intensity significantly increase with distance from the galactic center, while the ratios of the 3.3 um feature to the AKARI 7 um band intensity do not. Conclusions. Our results clearly confirm the presence of small PAHs even in a harsh environment of the halo of M 82. The results also reveal that the aliphatic hydrocarbons emitting the 3.4 - 3.6 um features are unusually abundant in the halo, suggesting that small carbonaceous grains are produced by shattering of larger grains in the galactic superwind.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in A&

Characterization and Improvement of the Image Quality of the Data Taken with the Infrared Camera (IRC) Mid-Infrared Channels onboard AKARI

Mid-infrared images frequently suffer artifacts and extended point spread functions (PSFs). We investigate the characteristics of the artifacts and the PSFs in images obtained with the Infrared Camera (IRC) onboard AKARI at four mid-infrared bands of the S7 (7{\mu}m), S11 (11{\mu}m), L15 (15{\mu}m), and L24 (24 {\mu}m). Removal of the artifacts significantly improves the reliability of the ref- erence data for flat-fielding at the L15 and L24 bands. A set of models of the IRC PSFs is also constructed from on-orbit data. These PSFs have extended components that come from diffraction and scattering within the detector arrays. We estimate the aperture correction factors for point sources and the surface brightness correction factors for diffuse sources. We conclude that the surface brightness correction factors range from 0.95 to 0.8, taking account of the extended component of the PSFs. To correct for the extended PSF effects for the study of faint structures, we also develop an image reconstruction method, which consists of the deconvolution with the PSF and the convolution with an appropriate Gaussian. The appropriate removal of the artifacts, improved flat-fielding, and image reconstruction with the extended PSFs enable us to investigate de- tailed structures of extended sources in IRC mid-infrared images.Comment: 35 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in PAS

AKARI Near- to Mid-Infrared Imaging and Spectroscopic Observations of the Small Magellanic Cloud. I. Bright Point Source List

We carried out a near- to mid-infrared imaging and spectroscopic observations of the patchy areas in the Small Magellanic Cloud using the Infrared Camera on board AKARI. Two 100 arcmin2 areas were imaged in 3.2, 4.1, 7, 11, 15, and 24 um and also spectroscopically observed in the wavelength range continuously from 2.5 to 13.4 um. The spectral resolving power (lambda/Delta lambda) is about 20, 50, and 50 at 3.5, 6.6 and 10.6 um, respectively. Other than the two 100 arcmin2 areas, some patchy areas were imaged and/or spectroscopically observed as well. In this paper, we overview the observations and present a list of near- to mid-infrared photometric results, which lists ~ 12,000 near-infrared and ~ 1,800 mid-infrared bright point sources detected in the observed areas. The 10 sigma limits are 16.50, 16.12, 13.28, 11.26, 9.62, and 8.76 in Vega magnitudes at 3.2, 4.1, 7, 11, 15, and 24 um bands, respectively.Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in PASJ. Full resolution version is available at http://www-irc.mtk.nao.ac.jp/%7Eyita/smc20100112.pd

A likely detection of a local interplanetary dust cloud passing near the Earth in the AKARI mid-infrared all-sky map

Context. We are creating the AKARI mid-infrared all-sky diffuse maps. Through a foreground removal of the zodiacal emission, we serendipitously detected a bright residual component whose angular size is about 50 x 20 deg. at a wavelength of 9 micron. Aims. We investigate the origin and the physical properties of the residual component. Methods. We measured the surface brightness of the residual component in the AKARI mid-infrared all-sky maps. Results. The residual component was significantly detected only in 2007 January, even though the same region was observed in 2006 July and 2007 July, which shows that it is not due to the Galactic emission. We suggest that this may be a small cloud passing near the Earth. By comparing the observed intensity ratio of I_9um/I_18um with the expected intensity ratio assuming thermal equilibrium of dust grains at 1 AU for various dust compositions and sizes, we find that dust grains in the moving cloud are likely to be much smaller than typical grains that produce the bulk of the zodiacal light. Conclusions. Considering the observed date and position, it is likely that it originates in the solar coronal mass ejection (CME) which took place on 2007 January 25.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, accepted by Astronomy and Astrophysic

Large-scale distributions of mid- and far-infrared emission from the center to the halo of M82 revealed with AKARI

The edge-on starburst galaxy M82 exhibits complicated distributions of gaseous materials in its halo, which include ionized superwinds driven by nuclear starbursts, neutral materials entrained by the superwinds, and large-scale neutral streamers probably caused by a past tidal interaction with M81. We investigate detailed distributions of dust grains and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) around M82 to understand their interplay with the gaseous components. We performed mid- (MIR) and far-infrared (FIR) observations of M82 with the Infrared Camera and Far-Infrared Surveyor on board AKARI. We obtain new MIR and FIR images of M82, which reveal both faint extended emission in the halo and very bright emission in the center with signal dynamic ranges as large as five and three orders of magnitude for the MIR and FIR, respectively. We detect MIR and FIR emission in the regions far away from the disk of the galaxy, reflecting the presence of dust and PAHs in the halo of M82. We find that the dust and PAHs are contained in both ionized and neutral gas components, implying that they have been expelled into the halo of M82 by both starbursts and galaxy interaction. In particular, we obtain a tight correlation between the PAH and H$\alpha$ emission, which provides evidence that the PAHs are well mixed in the ionized superwind gas and outflowing from the disk.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in A&