Qualitative Analysis of Factors Supporting Child Labour Trafficking in Nigeria: Public Perceptions and Cultural Relativism

This study aimed to establish how socio-cultural and economic factors support the endemicity of child labour trafficking in Nigeria. The research was conducted among rural and urban households and stakeholders in southern Nigeria. A field survey was conducted in Ekiti, Edo, Kwara, Lagos, and Osun States. The study utilised cultural relativism and the margin of appreciation theories. The qualitative research approach used in-depth interviews, focus groups, and personal observation methods to collect data. Researchers interviewed 70 participants, including parents/guardians, stakeholders (government officials and private agency representatives), traffickers, trafficked children, and their employers. Societal context, especially the perception of child rights, plays an essential role in creating conditions in which child labour trafficking flourishes and constrains global efforts to eliminate the problem. Specifically, findings revealed that poverty, banditry/terrorism, religious practices, socialisation, fostering, cheap labour/urbanization, and materialism are key socio-economic factors contributing to the incidences of child labour trafficking in Nigeria. The paper concludes that international child labour trafficking continues because conditions within states maintain enabling environments for child rights violations. Consequently, understanding socio-cultural and economic contexts within states is essential to develop policies and practices that help curb or minimise the harm of international child labour trafficking

CORROSION PERFORMANCE OF 1014 MILD AND 304 STAINLESS STEELS IN ACIDIC MEDIA

Corrosion is a degradation of metallic materials under the action of the environment which requires oxygen and moisture to occur. This research work determined the corrosion performance of 1014 low carbon and 304 austenitic stainless steels in different concentration of acidic media. Corrosion tests were carried out using gravimetric technique. One hundred and eighty samples of the metals were prepared and immersed in containers of sulphuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO3) at 1, 2 & 3 M. The samples were then removed every three days for a period of 15 days to measure the weight loss. These were used to calculate the corrosion rates. The chemical analysis was determined using an Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX).  Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to determine the texture of the samples. The results showed that the corroded samples had pitting corrosion damage and cracks propagated generally on the sample surfaces. The corrosion rates of the samples increased with increase in molarities of the reagents, Stainless steel samples had the least corroded surfaces. The study concluded that the higher the level of concentration of acidic media (1 to 3 M), the higher the corrosion rates of samples in increasing order of HNO3, HCl and H2SO4 especially for mild steel sample (4.35 to 17.90, 0.21 to 2.90 and 10.37 to 0.64 mm/y) after 360 hours of immersion respectively. &nbsp

FORCED DISPLACEMENT: HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE STRUGGLE FOR JUSTICIABLE INTERVENTION FOR DISPLACED WOMEN IN NIGERIA

reasons. In a broad sense, socio-economic, political, religious and conflict issues are motivations that influence the voluntary and involuntary displacement of people. There is the recognition that women constitute one of the most vulnerable groups in displacement situation. Although the internal displacement of women occurs frequently and the displacement by Boko Haram insurgency and natural disaster amongst others has made the phenomenon of displacement an almost everyday event. Nonetheless, the plight/vulnerability of women is not perceived as distinct, traumatic and therefore not properly addressed. While the actualization of women�s rights has occupied the global space due to years of deprivation and intense violation of their rights, there seem to be lesser concern for advocacy of the rights of displaced women. This paper presents a descriptive analysis of issues surrounding the rights of displaced women in Nigeria. It advocates for women vulnerability-sensitive responses to internal displacement in Nigeria. It also establishes the major challenges to implementing a more gender-sensitive/vulnerability sensitive framework for the protection of displaced persons in Nigeria. The paper argues that the major cause of the violation of the rights of displaced women is insensitivity to the needs and effects of displacement on women. It therefore demands more responsive and gendered based response from the government. This is not to say that government has not been committed to intervening in issues bothering on internally displaced persons in Nigeria, it however calls for a more specific targets of intervention which will lead to more positive achievements in this regard

THE INVISIBLE DISPLACED: IMPLICATIONS OF THE BASTARDISED/ MISCONSTRUED CONCEPTUALISATION OF POPULATION DISPLACEMENT IN NIGERIA

The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement is the only global legal document for the protection of internally displaced persons. The document examined the extent to which internally displaced persons receive adequate covering under international laws; provides protection and assistance to displaced persons during displacement as well as establishes platforms for their durable returns and reintegration back into the society. It places primary responsibility of caring for this group on national governments. The document established that displaced persons are persons that have been forcefully moved from their places of abode for reasons attributed to the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border. This shows that IDPs have the right to relocate to any safer location within the same country where they were displaced. It uses the mixed method of data collection and analysis which incorporates empirical evidences from field survey in selected informal internally displaced persons settlements in Nigeria and key informant interviews combined with secondary data. This paper argues that for various reasons ranging from lack of trust for persons that have identified themselves with the status of displacement, to the lack of effective mechanisms to identify displaced persons, to the lack of adequate capacity and resources to manage internally displaced people amongst others, national humanitarian actors and agencies within Nigeria have chosen to redefine the global notion of internal displacement to flight within a given geographical space not far from the place of displacement rather than anywhere else within a national boundary as stipulated in the Guiding Principle which has had detrimental to the plights of displaced persons. Most importantly, it has denied them their right of visibility and access to government intervention. This study therefore recommends amongst others the needs for Nigeria to ensure compliance with the meaning of internal displacement as stipulated in the guiding principle on internal displacement so that the rights and human dignity of displaced persons that are not within formal IDP camps can be protected and respected

Democratic Governance and Political Participation in Nigeria 1999 - 2014

The year 1999 was a watershed in the history of Nigeria as it witnessed the peaceful transfer of power from the military to the political class. Given Nigeria's tumultuous history of successive military interventions, this development was the first 'genuine' transition that saw the military elite transferring political power to civilians without itching to stage a comeback. This edited volume, composed of 22 chapters discusses the form, trajectory and substance of democratic governance in post-military Nigeria between 1999 and 2014. It is a compilation of well researched essays and narratives on Nigerian government and politics. The book is a multi-disciplinary assessment of Nigeria's democratic strides, including contributions from scholars in a broad range of disciplines such as history, sociology and anthropology, political science, economics, international relations, among others. The book examines the factors responsible for the resilience of the current democratic governance structures, in spite of centripetal and centrifugal forces frustrating democratic consolidation in the country. It equally interrogates these factors and makes appropriate recommendations for overcoming them. Key themes covered in the book in the Boko Haram insurgency, governance and corruption, militancy, sharia law, Islamic banking amongst others. It sheds light on contending issues affecting, afflicting and retarding the country's progress. Issues like ethnicity, electoral corruption, human rights abuses, privatization of national assets, kidnapping and armed robbery, overbearing leadership personality and many more are critically discussed. Local government autonomy and the challenges of grassroots development and civil service administration are also thoroughly analysed. Democratic Governance and Political Participation in Nigeria 1999-2014 is a detailed, exhaustive, deep, stimulating and captivating narrative of the Nigerian situation. It is enthusiastically recommended for those who wish to know more about contemporary Nigerian history. As a collection of contemporary issues on the Nigerian government and politics, the book is recommended for courses in politics and governance in Nigeria in particular and Africa in general. It is an invaluable companion for both graduate and undergraduate students as well as scholars of African politics

Datasets on the challenges of forced displacement and coping strategies among displaced women in selected Internally Displaced Persons׳ (IDPs) camps in Nigeria

The phenomenon of internal displacement has always existed. It however became the subject of significant concern for the international community since after World War 2, with the violation of the human rights of the displaced arising mostly from the intensification of intra-state wars around the world. The article presented an integrated data on the problems of forced displacement and adopted coping strategies among displaced women in selected IDPs camps in Nigeria. The study used a qualitative approach with a descriptive survey to explain the major problems of forced displacement. The population included women and focus group discussion (FGD) guide was adopted to elicit responses from the study population. Data was described with the use of a 3-D Chart and the data-set is broadly available for further investigation. The findings identified lack of adequate care and financial lack as the major challenges affecting displaced women while economic opportunities was the most significant coping strategy. It was recommended that government and intervening humanitarian agencies will consistently adopt reliable legal and institutional framework for the management of internal displacement and displaced victims in Nigeria. Keywords: Coping strategy, Displacement, Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), IDP camps, Women IDP

Datasets on the challenges of forced displacement and coping strategies among displaced women in selected Internally Displaced Persons׳ (IDPs) camps in Nigeria

The phenomenon of internal displacement has always existed. It however became the subject of significant concern for the international community since after World War 2, with the violation of the human rights of the displaced arising mostly from the intensification of intra-state wars around the world. The article presented an integrated data on the problems of forced displacement and adopted coping strategies among displaced women in selected IDPs camps in Nigeria. The study used a qualitative approach with a descriptive survey to explain the major problems of forced displacement. The population included women and focus group discussion (FGD) guide was adopted to elicit responses from the study population. Data was described with the use of a 3-D Chart and the data-set is broadly available for further investigation. The findings identified lack of adequate care and financial lack as the major challenges affecting displaced women while economic opportunities was the most significant coping strategy. It was recommended that government and intervening humanitarian agencies will consistently adopt reliable legal and institutional framework for the management of internal displacement and displaced victims in Nigeria. Keywords: Coping strategy, Displacement, Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), IDP camps, Women IDP