The development of the probation system in California from the 1900s to the 1910s: Cooperation with urban public schools

This paper examines the development of the probation system in the early 20th century, focusing on the activities of probation officers in the juvenile court in the US state of California and their cooperation with urban public schools. The sources used include proceedings of the National Conference of the Charities and Correction (NCCC), annual reports of the City and County of San Francisco Juvenile Court, and publications of the Los Angeles County Juvenile Court. I first address a discussion of the NCCC, showing what issues were shared within the national network of social work at the time. Second, after presenting an overview of the juvenile justice system in California, I describe the“ problem” of truant children who were placed on probation. Third, I explore the cooperation between the juvenile court and public schools, and the functions expected for probation. Through the above analysis, I identify the characteristics of California’s probation system and the activities of probation officers within that system. First, in California, the juvenile court and public schools actively collaborated, as proposed by the NCCC. As stated in the Juvenile Court Law, probation officers had powers equivalent to those of truant officers. Although prior research has tended to focus on probation officers’ interventions in families, there was a close collaboration not only with the home but also with public schools. Second, in California, the definition of dependent children in the Juvenile Court Law of 1903 included“ a persistent truant from school.” It is significant that according to the Juvenile Court Law, children absent from school were considered subjects for protection. Third, the juvenile court attempted to prevent and solve crimes; that is, to educate children by using the probation system, rather than merely punishing them.本研究はJSPS科研費JP20K13724の助成を受けたものです

ERK and p38 MAP kinase are required for rat renal development

ERK and p38 MAP kinase are required for rat renal development.BackgroundWe previously demonstrated that extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (p38) are strongly expressed in the embryonic kidney. In the present study, we investigated the role of ERK and p38 during kidney development.MethodsRat metanephroi were cultured from 15-day-old embryos, and exposed to inhibitors of MEK, an activator of ERK, PD98059 (300 μmol/L), U0126 (10 μmol/L), or a p38 inhibitor SB203580 (30 μmol/L) 24 to 120 hours after the start of culture. Growth of metanephroi was measured by surface area and thymidine incorporation. Ureteric buds and glomeruli were identified by labeling with Dolichos biflorus lectin and peanut agglutinin, respectively. PCNA staining and TUNEL assay were performed on kidney sections. The level of apoptosis was evaluated by examining DNA ladder formation.ResultsGrowth of metanephroi was significantly inhibited by SB203580 but not by PD98059 or U0126. Ureteric bud branching was not affected by SB203580 or MEK inhibitors. Glomerular number was markedly reduced by SB203580 and to a lesser extent by U0126 (14 ± 2 and 48 ± 10% of controls, respectively). On histological examination, the number of tubuloglomerular structures was reduced in MEK inhibitor-treated metanephroi compared to controls. Very few mesenchymal condensates were observed in kidneys incubated with SB203580. PCNA-positive cells were reduced in SB203580-treated metanephroi compared to control and PD98059-treated kidneys. Apoptosis was increased in SB203580-treated kidneys and to a lesser extent in PD98059-treated cultures.ConclusionsBoth ERK and p38 are required for renal development. ERK appears to play a role in nephrogenesis and p38 for kidney growth and nephrogenesis

Equitable Education Fund for Resolving Education Disparities in Thailand: Preliminary examination from education as welfare perspective

This paper reports a study on the Equitable Education Fund (EEF) that was established to respond to education disparities in Thailand. Content analysis of the EEF Act and annual reports revealed that EEF provides a variety of financial assistance to financially deprived and/or opportunity-denied children and youth in basic and pre-primary education. EEF emphasizes cooperation of the public and private sectors to expand opportunities in technical and vocational education and training in response to the shortage of skilled labor. It also provides scholarship for a university-based teacher education program that recruits students from remote schools, who are expected to return to their mother schools to contribute to quality education and development of remote communities. From education as welfare perspective, EEF projects do not fully include the opportunity-denied children as the act follows certain financial criteria to make the selection. The paper concludes that the inclusion of these children would call for the expansion of welfare functions of education such as allocation of school social workers.本研究はJSPS科研費JP19H00620の助成を受けたものです

Necessity to Measure PCBs and Organochlorine Pesticide Concentrations in Human Umbilical Cords for Fetal Exposure Assessment

Three types of tissue samples—umbilical cord (UC), umbilical cord serum (CS), and maternal serum (MS)—have often been used to assess fetal exposure to chemicals. In order to know the relationship of contamination between mothers and fetuses, we measured persistent chemicals in comparable sets of the three tissue samples. Also, we analyzed the association between the chemicals in maternal and fetal tissues to know which tissue is the best sample for fetal exposure assessment. On a wet basis, the chemical concentrations were of the order MS > CS > UC, except for some chemicals such as cis-chlordane and endosulfan. On a lipid basis, the concentrations in UC were nearly equal or often higher than in MS, but the concentrations in CS were usually lower than in others. Hexachlorocyclohexanes and penta-, hexa-, and heptachlorinated biphenyls showed an association between the concentrations in UC versus MS, and UC versus CS. These chemicals also showed high correlation coefficients between the chemical concentrations in UC of first babies and maternal age. These chemicals were closely related to each other when grouped on the basis of their concentrations using cluster analysis. In conclusion, we insist that UC is the best sample to assess fetal contamination status of persistent chemicals. There is a possibility that the assessment based on the contamination levels in CS result in an underestimation

Inhibitors of ABCB1 and ABCG2 overcame resistance to topoisomerase inhibitors in small cell lung cancer

博士（医学）甲日本医科大学202

Immunohistochemical Ki67 after short-term hormone therapy identifies low-risk breast cancers as reliably as genomic markers

Background: The purpose of this study was to test whether immunohistochemical (IHC) Ki67 levels after short-term preoperative hormone therapy (post-Ki67) predict similar numbers of patients with favorable prognoses as genomic markers. Results: Thirty paired cases (60 samples) were enrolled in this study. Post-Ki67 levels were significantly lower than pre-treatment Ki67 levels (P < 0.001). Post-Ki67 predicted more low-risk cases (83.3%, 25/30) than pre-genomic surrogate signature(GSS) (66.7%: 20/30), but the difference in predictive power was not significant (P = 0.233). Proliferation (MKI67, STK15, Survivin, CCNB1, and MYBL2) and estrogen (ER, PGR, BCL2, and SCUBE2) related signatures were significantly downregulated after therapy (P < 0.001 and 0.041, respectively). Materials and Methods: Core needle biopsy specimens of primary breast cancer were collected at Okayama University Hospital from hormone receptor-positive and human epidermal growth factor 2-negative patients that subsequently received two weeks of neoadjuvant hormone therapy. Paired post-treatment specimens from surgical samples were also collected. IHC Ki67 levels and GSS were compared between pre- and post-hormone treatment samples. Changes of gene expression pattern in short-term hormone therapy were also assessed. Conclusions: IHC based post-Ki67 levels may have distinct predictive power compared with the naïve IHC Ki67. Future studies with larger cohorts and longer follow-up periods may be needed to validate our results

20世紀前半カリフォルニア州における日系移民児童保護の研究

博士論文公聴会資料目次 / Ⅰ　博士論文の目次 / Ⅱ　博士論文の要旨 / 　１．本研究の課題 / 　（1）先行研究の動向 / 　（2）本研究の方法と構成 / 　２．本研究の成果 / 　（1）カリフォルニア州政府による人種・宗教別児童保護構想 / 　（2）「保護されるべき」子どもの形成 / Ⅲ　主な史料と参考文

1909年から1918年米国カリフォルニア州における移民孤児対策 : 慈善矯正委員会による人種別保護と知能調査を中心に

はじめに / 1.人種に基づく里親委託 / 2.孤児の選別 : 人種と精神薄弱の因果関係に関する調査 / おわり