Dalbergiones lower the inflammatory response in oral cells in vitro.

OBJECTIVES Periodontitis is a global health burden that underlines the demand for anti-inflammatory treatment. Dalbergia melanoxylon being a rich source of flavonoids has been widely used in traditional medicine but the potential anti-inflammatory activity of its dalbergiones remains to be shown. MATERIAL AND METHODS We have isolated 3'-hydroxy-4,4'-dimethoxydalbergione, 4-methoxydalbergione, and 4'-hydroxy-4-methoxydalbergione from Dalbergia melanoxylon and tested their potential anti-inflammatory activity. RESULTS All dalbergiones are potent inhibitors of an LPS-induced inflammatory response of RAW 264.7 macrophages. This is specified by IL1β and IL6 production, and the p65 nuclear translocation. Consistently, in primary macrophages, the dalbergiones caused an M1-to-M2 polarization switch indicated by the decreased ration of IL1β and IL6 versus arginase 1 and YM1 expression. To implement oral cells, we have used gingival fibroblasts exposed to IL1β and TNFα. Consistently, all dalbergiones reduced the expression of IL6 and IL8 as well as the nuclear translocation of p65. CONCLUSION These findings increase the accumulating knowledge on dalbergiones and extend it towards its capacity to lower the inflammatory response of oral cells. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These findings are another piece of evidence that supports the use of herbal medicine to potentially lower inflammatory events related to dentistry

TGF-β Activity of a Demineralized Bone Matrix.

Allografts consisting of demineralized bone matrix (DBM) are supposed to retain the growth factors of native bone. However, it is not clear if transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) is maintained in the acid-extracted human bone. To this aim, the aqueous solutions of supernatants and acid lysates of OraGRAFT® Demineralized Cortical Particulate and OraGRAFT® Prime were prepared. Exposing fibroblasts to the aqueous solution caused a TGF-β receptor type I kinase-inhibitor SB431542-dependent increase in interleukin 11 (IL11), NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), and proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) expression. Interleukin 11 expression and the presence of TGF-β1 in the aqueous solutions were confirmed by immunoassay. Immunofluorescence further confirmed the nuclear translocation of Smad2/3 when fibroblasts were exposed to the aqueous solutions of both allografts. Moreover, allografts released matrix metalloprotease-2 activity and blocking proteases diminished the cellular TGF-β response to the supernatant. These results suggest that TGF-β is preserved upon the processing of OraGRAFT® and released by proteolytic activity into the aqueous solution

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of a Demineralized Bone Matrix: An In Vitro Pilot Study

Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) is commonly used for the reconstruction of bone defects. Early graft consolidation involves a transient inflammatory process. It is, however, unclear whether DBM can modulate this process. To test this possibility, we prepared acid lysates of demineralized ground cortical (DGC) and moldable demineralized fibers (MDF). Murine RAW 264.7 and primary bone marrow macrophages were exposed to acid lysates of DGC and MFD prior to provoking an inflammatory response with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Similarly, murine ST2 mesenchymal cells were exposed to DGC and MFD with and without interleukin 1β (IL1) and TNFα. We show here that acid lysates of DGC and MFD reduced the expression of IL1 and IL6 in RAW 264.7 macrophages, as determined by RT-PCR and, for IL6, by immunoassay. This response was confirmed with primary macrophages. Likewise, desalted acid lysates exert anti-inflammatory properties on RAW 264.7 cells and in ST2 cells, the forced expression of IL6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) was reduced. These in vitro findings suggest that DGC and MFD lower the inflammation-induced expression of inflammatory mediators in murine cell-based bioassays

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of a Demineralized Bone Matrix: An In Vitro Pilot Study

Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) is commonly used for the reconstruction of bone defects. Early graft consolidation involves a transient inflammatory process. It is, however, unclear whether DBM can modulate this process. To test this possibility, we prepared acid lysates of demineralized ground cortical (DGC) and moldable demineralized fibers (MDF). Murine RAW 264.7 and primary bone marrow macrophages were exposed to acid lysates of DGC and MFD prior to provoking an inflammatory response with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Similarly, murine ST2 mesenchymal cells were exposed to DGC and MFD with and without interleukin 1β (IL1) and TNFα. We show here that acid lysates of DGC and MFD reduced the expression of IL1 and IL6 in RAW 264.7 macrophages, as determined by RT-PCR and, for IL6, by immunoassay. This response was confirmed with primary macrophages. Likewise, desalted acid lysates exert anti-inflammatory properties on RAW 264.7 cells and in ST2 cells, the forced expression of IL6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) was reduced. These in vitro findings suggest that DGC and MFD lower the inflammation-induced expression of inflammatory mediators in murine cell-based bioassays