Pre-Initiation Effect of Oleuropein towards Apoptotic and Oxidative Stress Levels on the Early Development of Two-Stage Skin Carcinogenesis

Background: Oleuropein is a form of phenolic compound which can be majorly found in the olive leaves. Previous studies have shown several biological functions of oleuropein against different cancer cells. Aim and Objectives: This research was designed to study the pre-initiation effect of oleuropein on the early skin tumour development using a mouse model. Material and Methods: Female Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice (n=6 per group) were divided into 2 groups (group 1 as a carcinogen control and group 2 as a vehicle control) and 1 treatment group (group 3: 10 mg/kg of oleuropein). Results:After 10 weeks, Group 3 showed delay in epidermal hyperplasia formation and a significant reduction (p<0.05) in the epidermal thickness as compared to Group 1. Data were also displayed a significant increase (p<0.05) in the apoptotic rate in Group 3 as compared to Group 1 and 2. For biochemical assays, the level of Malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly (p<0.05) decreased whilst the levels of Glutathione (GSH) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) were significantly (p<0.05) increased in Group 3 as compared to Group 1. Conclusion: Our results indicate that pre-initiation treatment of oleuropein may prevent skin tumour development through its antioxidant and apoptotic activities

Histopathological effect of pterostilbene as chemoprevention in N-nitroso-tri-chloroethylurea (NTCU)-induced lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) mouse model

ackground. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most common types of lung cancer. Chemoprevention of lung cancer has gained increasing popularity as an alternative to treatment in reducing the burden of lung cancer. Pterostilbene (PS) may be developed as a chemopreventive agent due to its pharmacological activities, such as anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate the effect of PS on the development of lung SCC in the mouse model. Methods. A total of 24 seven-week-old female Balb/C mice were randomly categorised into four groups, including two control groups comprising the N-nitroso-trischloroethylurea (NTCU)-induced lung SCC and vehicle control (VC) groups and two treatment groups comprising the 10 mg/kg PS (PS10) and 50 mg/kg PS (PS50) groups. All lung organs were harvested at week 26 for histopathological analysis. Results. All PS treatment groups showed chemopreventive activity by inhibiting the progression of lung SCC formation with PS10, resulting in mild hyperplasia, and PS50 was completely reversed in the normal bronchial epithelium layer compared with the VC group. PS treatment also reduced the expression of cytokeratin 5/6 in the bronchial epithelium layer. Both PS10 and PS50 significantly reduced the epithelium thickness compared to the NTCU group (p<0.05). PS is a potential chemopreventive agent against lung SCC growth by suppressing the progression of pre-malignant lesions and reducing the thickness of the bronchial epithelium. Conclusions. The underlying molecular mechanisms of PS in lung SCC should be further studie

Anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer potential of pterostilbene: A review

Pterostilbene is a natural compound that can be found in various food plants such as blueberries, grapes, and peanuts. It has also been reported to be extracted from Pterocarpus indicus, a tree species native to India and Southeast Asia. Pterostilbene exhibits various pharmacological activities such as antioxidants, anti-proliferation, anti-microbial, and anti-inflammatory activities with favorable pharmacokinetic properties, such as high oral bioavailability and longer half-life. The anti-inflammatory effect of pterostilbene has been reported to contribute to its therapeutic effects in many chronic inflammatory diseases. Besides, pterostilbene has anti-cancer activity on various types of cancers due to its ability to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Hence, in this review, we discuss the anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities of pterostilbene in preclinical studies

Chemopreventive Effects of Oral Pterostilbene in Multistage Carcinogenesis of Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma Mouse Model Induced by DMBA/TPA

Skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a type of non-melanoma skin cancer. Pterostilbene is a natural compound proven to exhibit various pharmacological properties, including chemo-preventive effects. This study aimed to explore the chemo-preventive effect of oral pterostilbene during initiation, promotion or continuous on multistage skin SCC mouse models induced by 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)/12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). The experimental design consists of five groups of female Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice, with two control groups of vehicle and cancer. Three oral pterostilbene groups consisted of orally administered pterostilbene during initiation, promotion, or continuously. Oral pterostilbene significantly reduced the number and volume of tumours. Oral pterostilbene demonstrated less severe skin histology changes compared to the cancer control group, with less pleomorphic in the cells and nuclei, and the basement membrane remained intact. Our results showed fewer invasive tumours in oral PT-treated groups than in cancer groups that displayed mitotic bodies, highly pleomorphic cells and nuclei, and basement membrane invasion. The cell proliferation marker (Ki-67) was reduced in oral pterostilbene-treated groups. Overall, oral pterostilbene is a promising chemo-preventive intervention due to its anti-initiation and anti-promotion on skin carcinogenesis. Thus, the potential molecular mechanisms of oral pterostilbene chemo-prevention agent should be explored